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Laboratory Animal Technician > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the study of cells, tissues, and organs?

A

anatomy and physiology

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2
Q

___ is when most structures are paired on each side of the body.

A

Bilateral Symmetry

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3
Q

what is the imaginary division line between the two halves of a vertebrates body?

A

median plane

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4
Q

the ___ contains the heart and lungs while the ___ contains the digestive, reproductive, ad excretory organs.

A

thoracic cavity; abdominal cavity

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5
Q

What are the animal body’s five basic levels of organization?

A

cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the body as a whole.

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6
Q

What means closer to the tail

A

caudal

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7
Q

what means closer to the head?

A

cranial

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8
Q

what means toward the periphery/ in the direction away from the trunk

A

distal

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9
Q

closer to the animals back

A

dorsal

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10
Q

away from the medial plane

A

lateral

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11
Q

the side of the forefoot that contacts the ground when standing

A

palmar/volar

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12
Q

the side of the hind food that contacts the ground while standing

A

plantar/volar

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13
Q

closer to the tip of the nose

A

rostral

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14
Q

closer to the belly

A

ventral

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15
Q

___: the outer boundary of the cell, it provides stability and fluidity to the cell. It is a semipermeable barrier between the cell and its environment. This selectively allows nutrients and gases to enter the cell and wastes and other materials to leave the cell.

A

Cell Membrane

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16
Q

___: the fluid environment that includes all of the cellular matter enclosed by the cell membrane except for the nucleus. this contains a number of functional structures that do the biochemical work of the cell.

A

cytoplasm

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17
Q

___: a generally rounded structure surrounded by a nuclear membrane that separates it from the cytoplasm. it contains the genetic material that directs the function of the cell, it can be thought of as the cell’s brain.

A

cell nucleus

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18
Q

cell processes that require energy in order to occur.

A

active

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19
Q

cell processes that occur as the result of differences in concentration of ions between the inside and the outside of the cell

A

passive.

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20
Q

what do cells assemble together with a specialized function create?

A

tissues

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21
Q

what are the four tissue types?

A

epithelial and endothelial, connective tissues, muscle, and nerve.

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22
Q

what type of tissue covers all external body surfaces and lines organs that are continuous with these outer surfaces, such as the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems?

A

epithelial

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23
Q

what are examples of epithelial tissues?

A

mucosal lining of the mouth and skin.

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24
Q

What is the epidermis, or outer layer of skin, an example of?

A

stratified epithelial tissue, multilayer epethelium

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25
Q

What tissue is the lining of internal spaces of the body such as heart, blood vessels, and the thoracic and abdominal cavities?

A

endothelial

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26
Q

What tissue binds together or supports cells, other tissues, and organs throughout the body?

A

connective tissues

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27
Q

What type of tissues are bones, tendons, and subcutaneous tissue?

A

connective

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28
Q

what are the 3 classifications of connective tissue?

A

loose, fibrous, or special.

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29
Q

what tissue is elongated cells, that contract when stimulated?

A

muscle tissue

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30
Q

what are the two types of muscle?

A

smooth and striated

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31
Q

what tissue conducts impulses throughout the body, responds to stimuli, and sends signals about the external and internal environment of the body to the brain, and relays the brain’s directions to muscles and organs of the body?

A

nerve tissues

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32
Q

what is a structure that contains at least two different types of tissue functioning together for a common purpose?

A

organs

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33
Q

what is composed of two or more different organs that work together to provide a common function?

A

organ systems

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34
Q

What are the 11 major organ systems?

A

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive, nervous, and endocrine

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35
Q

What is the organ system that protects an animal from the outside environment?

A

skin/integument

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36
Q

What four basic structures do vertebrates have in the skin?

A

epidermis, dermis, glands, hypodermis

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37
Q

___ is the outer later of skin, which continually renews itself by losing dead cells.

A

Epidermis

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38
Q

___ is the second layer of skin, formed largely of elastic connective tissues. it contains nerves, blood vessels, hair follicles, smooth muscle fibers, pigment cells, and some glands.

A

dermis

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39
Q

___ is the tissue that is open to the surface of the skin, and secrete fluids that protect, lubricate, and help regulate temperature. sebaceous and mucus secreting glands lubricate the skin. some animals, like humans, have these that secrete salt and water to help regulate body temperature.

A

glands

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40
Q

the amorphous layer of connective tissues and fat that loosely binds the skin to the underlying tissues.

A

hypodermis.

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41
Q

another word for internal skeleton

A

endoskeleton

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42
Q

external skeleton

A

exoskeleton

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43
Q

a rigid structure of bone that encases the brain

A

cranium

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44
Q

what are the two types of connective tissue in the vertebrate skeleton?

A

bone and cartilage

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45
Q

what is a matrix?

A

a nonliving material with living cells

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46
Q

as calcium is introduced to young animals bones, what happens?

A

the bone hardens over time from cartilage to bone.

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47
Q

What are long bones?

A

things like fingers, femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius, ulna

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48
Q

what are short bones?

A

carpals, tarsals

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49
Q

what are flat bones?

A

ribs, scapula, parts of the cranium

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50
Q

irregular bones

A

vertebrae, mandible, pelvic

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51
Q

sesamoid bones

A

patella

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52
Q

main shaft of a long bone

A

diaphysis

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53
Q

specialized area at the ends of the long bones where growth occurs in young animals

A

epiphysis

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54
Q

the space inside long bones that contains red or yellow marrow. red marrow is where blood cells are produced.

A

medullary cavity

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55
Q

a white fibrous membrane that covers a bone except at the joint surface. it contains bone forming cells and is the tissue to which tendons and ligaments attach

A

periosteum

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56
Q

What are the two parts of the skull

A

cranium and the facial portion

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57
Q

What are the five regions of the vertebral column (which is attached by ligaments, with cartilage pads called intervertebral disks between them)

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

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58
Q

what three parts make up the thoracic/chest region?

A

sternum, ribs, thoracic vertebrae.

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59
Q

what 3 bones does the sternum consist of?

A

manubrium, body, and xiphoid

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60
Q

what is the space between the ribs?

A

intercostal

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61
Q

what is the appendicular skeleton made up of?

A

limbs, pectoral girdle, and the pelvic girdle

62
Q

a pivoting movement, such as turning the head from side to side

A

rotation

63
Q

bending or folding, such as the action of an elbow joint

A

flexion

64
Q

opening the joint

A

extension

65
Q

moving bone away from the midline of the body

A

abduction

66
Q

moving toward the midline of the body

A

adduction

67
Q

what type of muscles contract voluntarily and can be controlled by the animals conscious thought?

A

skeletal muscles

68
Q

a special type of striated muscle that is located only in the heart, and its movement is involuntary.

A

cardiac muscle

69
Q

muscle that involuntary contracts in response to its immediate environment

A

smooth muscle

70
Q

What is the medium of transport in the circulatory system

A

blood

71
Q

what is blood made of

A

plasma, different types of cells such as red and white and platelets.

72
Q

What do leukocytes comprise of (white blood cells)?

A

granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes

73
Q

blood cell that contains hemoglobin molecules, which combine with o2 an co2 to transport respiratory gases throughout the body. the iron atoms in the hemoglobin give it the red color

A

erythrocytes

74
Q

the type of blood cell that helps the body deal with infections and injury and provide other protective and repair responses.

A

leukocytes (white blood cells)

75
Q

large cells with a multilobular nuclei. these are defined by the staining characteristics of the microscopic granules in the cytoplasm.

A

granulocytes

76
Q

three subdivisions of granulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

77
Q

the most numerous of the granulocytes, are highly specialized cells involved in the inflammatory response and host defense, they engulf and destroy invading bacteria

A

neutrophils

78
Q

modulate inflammation through the release of various chemical mediators.

A

eosinophils and basophils

79
Q

blood cells that increase in the presence of parasitic infections and allergic reactions

A

eosinophils

80
Q

rarely found in the blood of a health animal, but are numerous in association with inflammatory reactions.

A

basophils

81
Q

circulate the bloodstream for 1-3 days before moving into body tissues to change into macrophages.

A

monocytes

82
Q

commonly found in lymph vessels, have a single round nucleus and lack cytoplasmic granules.

A

lymphocytes

83
Q

three types of lymphocytes

A

T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells

84
Q

their function is to recognize foreign substances and generate specific responses that are tailored to eliminate the pathogen or the pathogen infected cell

A

T and B cells

85
Q

cell-mediated immunity, which aims to directly kill pathogens or damaged tissue cells

A

T cells

86
Q

responds to pathogens by differentiating into plasma cells for the purpose of producing antibodies, which are proteins that recognize and bind to foreign substances and recruit other cells to complete the destruction.

A

B cells

87
Q

defends the body from tumors and virus infected cells

A

NK cells

88
Q

help reduce blood loss by sticking to the vessel walls near and injured site, where they release chemicals that aid in the formation of hemostatic plugs or clots.

A

throbocytes

89
Q

a four chambered muscular organ in mammals and birds that lies in the thoracic cavity inside a sac of connective tissue call pericardium.

A

the heart

90
Q

the three types of blood vessels:

A

arteries, veins, and capillaries

91
Q

the largest artery of the body

A

aorta

92
Q

carry blood away from the heart

A

artieries

93
Q

return blood to the heart

A

veins

94
Q

connect arteries and veins

A

capillaries

95
Q

the arteries that supplies the heart with blood

A

coronary artery

96
Q

True or false: the atria have thicker muscular walls than the ventricles

A

false

97
Q

a system that removes excess fluid and wastes from tissues

A

flow of lymph

98
Q

delivers pathogens and cancer cells to the immune cells located within lymph nodes

A

lymphatic system

99
Q

the extracellular fluid of body tissues

A

lymph

100
Q

How is lymph formed?

A

when a portion of the blood plasma leaks out through the capillary walls and into the surrounding tissue spaces

101
Q

What are the lymph nodes that are found in the rear leg called

A

popliteal

102
Q

the exchange of gases between an organism and its environment

A

respiration

103
Q

where does respiration occur?

A

at the cellular level with the exchange of gases between cells and tissue fluids around them.

104
Q

hair like projections that line the mucous membranes

A

cilia

105
Q

what is the function of the fluid in the pleural sac?

A

it lubricates the chest and lung linings to prevent friction.

106
Q

what does the epiglottis do?

A

prevents food from entering the trachea

107
Q

what are the four chambers in a ruminants stomach

A

rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum

108
Q

what provides raw materials to build proteins for generating and repairing tissue

A

amino acids

109
Q

essential to the formation of bones and teeth, and needed to complete many enzymatic actions

A

minerals

110
Q

necessary for completion of the various chemical reactions that occur throughout the body

A

vitamins

111
Q

a large fermentation vat that contracts to mix the contents and release fermentation gases through the esophagus to the mouth

A

rumen

112
Q

fermentation and regurgitation for cud chewing

A

reticulum

113
Q

routes fermented food materials from the rumen to the abomasum

A

omasum

114
Q

a true stomach in ruminants that secretes digestive enzymes

A

abomasum

115
Q

a mixture of stomach contents with acidic gastric secretions

A

chyme

116
Q

the opening of the stomach which leads to the intestines

A

pyloric sphincter

117
Q

the first section of the small intestine

A

duodenum

118
Q

what two parts does the large intestine consist of

A

cecum and colon

119
Q

where is water absorption and nutrient absorption completed?

A

in the colon

120
Q

what animals lack a gall bladder

A

some fish, birds, rats and horses

121
Q

what else does the liver do besides make bile?

A

stores glycogen, vitamins, minerals

122
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

secretes digestive enzymes through the pancreatic ducts into the small intestine

123
Q

which nutritional components are necessary to complete chemical reactions in the body?

A

vitamins

124
Q

what organ is both exocrine and endocrine

A

pancreas

125
Q

What shape are chicken and cows kidneys?

A

lobulated

126
Q

what shape are the kidneys of a horse?

A

heartshaped

127
Q

what is the basic function of the kidney?

A

filters blood/nephron

128
Q

male hormone secreted by the testes

A

androgens (includes testosterone)

129
Q

the system in males that shares a site for reproductive and urinary systems

A

urogenital systems

130
Q

What two systems does the nervous system consist of?

A

central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

131
Q

the master controller of the voluntary and involuntary actions

A

CNS

132
Q

the remaining nervous system tissue besides the brain and the spinal cord

A

PNS

133
Q

What does CSF stand for?

A

cerebrospinal fluid

134
Q

nerve insulator

A

myelin

135
Q

the system made up of a number of paired and unpaired ductless glands that produce one or more specific types of hormones

A

endocrine

136
Q

what are the major structures of the endocrine system

A

pituitary gland, adrenal glands, thyroid and parathyroid glands, pancreas, gonads.

137
Q

the adrenal ___ produces the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

medulla

138
Q

What is the contraction phase of the heart called

A

systole

139
Q

what does the right atrium do?

A

receives blood from the body

140
Q

What type of muscle is self-stimulating

A

cardiac

141
Q

what process occurs in the lymph nodes?

A

white blood cells destroy bacteria and particles found in body fluids

142
Q

what substance is not reabsorbed in the kidney tubules?

A

creatinine

143
Q

in which structure do sperm mature and are also stored?

A

epididymis

144
Q

which of the following hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?

A

thyroxine and calcitonin

145
Q

what does the right atrium do?

A

collects blood from the body

146
Q

what is the valve located between the right atrium and the right ventricle?

A

tricuspid valve

147
Q

in most animals, what percent of the blood is comprised of plasma?

A

55%

148
Q

how many layers of tissue comprise the walls of the heart?

A

3

149
Q

what does the right atrium do?

A

collects blood from the body

150
Q

how many heart chambers do fish have?

A

two

Laboratory Animal Technician (13 decks)

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