Chapter 5 Flashcards
How much of a facility is dedicated to nonhusbandry-related functions?
25%
A ____ floor plan consists of a central corridor with no separation of traffic by clean and dirty status. The animal rooms have one doorway through which all items enter and exit.
Single corridor floor plan
A ____ floor plan seperates clean and dirty traffic in designated corridors to reduce the possibility of contamination of clean equipment materials, and animals. Traffic flow is one way in each corridor.
two-corridor floor plan
A ___ floor plan is a modification used in large facilities, where a single clean corridor serves rooms on both sides. Each room has exit doors to a dirty corridor that wraps around the periphery of the floor plan.
three-corridor floor plan
A ___ floor plan combines one-way and two-way circulation patterns. People, clean equipment, and supplies move mostly in one direction in a circle around the facility.
mixed floor plan
prevention of microorganisms to protect the lab animals
bioexclusion
prevention of pathogens from leaving an animal room to protect people and animals outside the room
biocontainment
What does SPF stand for?
Specific Pathogen-free
___ is a term often used to describe a barrier with less strict procedures, while still requiring some effort to prevent contamination of the animals within.
Modified SPF
What publication should a biocontainment facility follow?
Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratorie (BMBL) by the NIH/CDC
What are all the terms for animal that have no unknown microorganisms?
SPF, Germfree, or Gnotobiotic
What temperature does the Guide suggest an animal room to be?
21.1C to 24.5 C (70-76 F)
What humidity does the Guide suggest?
30-70%
What can low humidity cause in rodents?
Ringtail
___ is a gaseous byproduct from the bacterial metabolism of urea a substance found in urine.
Ammonia
What pathogenic microorganism may inhibit the upper respiratory tract of mice and rats when air levels of ammonia are high?
Mycoplasma pulmonis
What is the general standard for air changes in animal rooms?
10 to 15 per hour
What is an anemometer?
a handheld device that measures the velocity of air passing through an air vent
What is air flow expressed as?
Cubic feet per minute (CFM)
How do you calculate room air changes per hour?
use CFM rate, times by 60, and (length x width x height) of the room, and divide the CFH rate by the room volume.
What is the air changes per hour equation?
(CFMx60)/(room volume)
What rooms might have positive air pressure (meaning the air flows from the room to surrounding areas?)
surgical suites, barrier rooms, and animal rooms
What rooms might have negative air pressure (meaning the air flows from surrounding areas into the room)?
animal quarantine and rooms where infectious agents or biohazards are present.
What is a static microisolation cage?
a cage that does not have airflow in or out of it, and can have increased levels of ammonia, carbon dioxide, and humidity.
What is an IVC?
Individual Ventilated Cages
What devices create a continuous flow of filtered air in a uniform, unidirectional stream?
Cage change cabinets, biosafety cabinets, and animal holding cubicles (laminar flow cabinet)
how small can HEPA filters filter?
0.3 microns.
What are two critical factors in animal room lighting?
light intensity and light cycle
where are lux measurements of light taken for animal rooms?
1 m above the floor
How many lux are appropriate for albino rats and mice to prevent retinal degeneration?
130 - 325 lux
what is the ideal light:dark cycle for most species?
12:12
what can happen to rodents that experience sudden loud noises?
audiogenic seizures
what decibel level can cause audiogenic seizures, enlarged adrenal glands, reduced breeding eficiency, increased blood pressure, auditory damage, and behavioral disorders?
80 decibels.
What practices are used to improve the research animal’s environment by permitting animals to engage in species-typical behaviors?
environmental enrichment
While enrichment for all species is desirable, the AWA outlines and mandates a plan for what?
exercise for dogs and psychological enrichment for nonhuman primates.
___ reduce, but do not eliminate, microbes, from the inanimate environment to levels considered safe as determined by the public health codes or regulations
sanitizers
___ destroy or irreversible inactivate infectious fungi and bacteria, but not necessarily their spores. These products are divided into two major types: hospital and general use.
disinfectants
___ kill all forms of microbial life and their spores, including fungi, viruses, and all forms of bacteria.
sterilizers/sporicides.
___prevent infection and decay by inhibiting microbial growth on living organisms
antiseptics and germicides
what chemical agents can you use on hard, inanimate surfaces?
sterilizers, disinfectants, and sanitizers
what chemical agents can you use in or on live humans and animals?
antiseptics and germicides
what is the goal of a sanitation program?
to reduce the microbial contamination to a level that minimizes the possibility of introducing an infection.
what three factors come into play when cleaning up a spill?
distribution, penetration, and contact time.
what are all disinfectants and sterilizers monitored by?
EPA under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodentcide ACT (FIFRA)
What must be listed on the label of a disinfectant and sterilizer?
specific microbes that it was tested on
What is toxic to cats and amphibians and must be washed away after disinfecting?
phenols
What should not be used for disinfection?
alcohol
what generic compounds that are compromised in the presence of organic matter?
bleach (sodium hypochlorite/chlorine), iodine (idophors)
what cleaning compound is effective in the presence of proteins, but not for wood, rubber, or plastic?
phenolics (phenol based compounds)
What cleaning compound is effective on most surfaces, such as floors and walls, and are stable, noncorrosive, and nonirritating to humans, and relatively nontoxic, BUT become inactive in presence of soap, plastic, protein, and many other natural elements?
Quaternary ammonium compounds (quats)
What are the common sterilization techniques?
chemical, moist heat, dry heat, and radiation
What is the longest used decontamination method?
formaldehyde
What decontamination method is an alternative to formaldehyde that is noncarcinogenic, leaves no residue, and is compatible with a wide range of materials but can be corrosive to floors, painted surfaces, and ferrous metals.
Vaporized hydrogen peroxide (VHP)
What alternate to VHP and formaldehyde is a gas at room temperature, noncarcinogenic and doesn’t create residues, but is toxic when inhaled?
Chlorine dioxide (CD)
what is effective at killing spores and is an acid, irritant to skin and eye and the respiratory tract, flammable, and can explode if handled improperly?
peracetic acid
What disinfectants can kill spores with proper concentration and contact time, irritating to the eyes and upper respiratory tract, and may cause allergic sensitization by repeated inhalation and skin contact?
Glutaraldhyde and orthophthalaldehyde (OPA)
what is a flammable gas that can be combined with carbon dioxide or nitrogen to render it nonflammable and nonexplosive, effective against bacterial spores, and is commonly used to sterilize heat-sensitive metals, and toxic?
Ethylene oxide (EtO)
what sterilizers is an ionized gas that can be produced by an electric field at low temperature, eliminates personnel safety and environmental problems associated with ethylene oxide, leaves no toxic residue, and can use the same sterilizer as the hydrogen peroxide, but achieves a higher kill, but not feasible for room decontamination.
plasma hydrogen peroxide
what is the primary methode for sterilizing equipment and caging systems?
steam autoclave
what are some of the downsides to using autoclaves?
scissors will become dull, fabrics can be burnt, wet materials can corrode, some materials may deteriorate.
What are recommended times for items to stay in the autoclave?
15 min at 121C/250F or 5 min at 132.2C/270F
What sanitizing method is best for not dulling instruments?
dry heat sterilization
What method is used to sterilize rodent feed?
Gamma radiation
What is the most commonly used biological indicator for autoclaves?
Bacillus stearothermophilus
What does RODAC stand for?
Replicate Organism Detection and Counting
What is the immediate line of defense preventing the exposure of humans, animals, and the environment to hazardous biological agents?
Primary barriers
What type of cabinet is suitable for most microbiological procedures, with airflow in the cabinet preventing the escape of material in the cabinet, and the exhaust air passes through a HEPA filter.
Class I cabinets
What type of cabinet has an added feature of a HEPA filtered air flow incoming to protect the research material from external containment?
Class II
Cabinets that provide maximum protection for the work and the research material by having gas-tight space with a non-opening view window.
Class III
Type of protection that are design features of the facility that further enhances the protection of the people, animals, and the environment from contamination by pathogens. Ex: locker rooms, air showers, shower areas, HEPA filters, handwashing sinks
Secondary barriers
which biosafety level contains indigenous organisms that pose a moderate risk of disease?
BSL-2
