Chapter 11 Flashcards
the study of poisons and the harmful or noxious effects these substances have on living organisms.
toxicology
what are the five principal types of studies conducted in a toxicology lab?
acute, subacute, subchronic, chronic, and reproductive tests.
studies that involve exposure to a toxicant for a short period, less than 24 hours. These use rodents or rabbits, but fish are often used for determining the chemical safety of substances such as pesticides and industrial chemicals.
Acute Toxicity Studies
What co-operation is the United States a member of that codifies regulatory guidelines for acute toxicity studies?
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
What is LD50?
the median lethal dose, or the amount to kill 50% of a test population
a safety test for chemicals that may be accidentally or intentionally introduced into the eye
acute eye irritation test
What is another name for subacute, subchronic, and chronic studies?
multi-dose toxicity studies
how long are subacute studies done for?
often 28 days
how long do subchronic studies last for?
13 weeks, approx 10% of the life span of a rodent
how long do chronic studies usually last for?
26 weeks, 38 weeks, or 52 weeks
what are the animals used in global regulatory testing guidelines?
one rodent and one non-rodent (usually dogs or non-human primates)
How many test groups do they use to get a statistically relevant results?
4
how many rodents are there in a subacute study usually?
10 per sex
how many non rodents are there in a subacute study?
2 to 3 per sex
how many rodents vs nonrodents are there in subchronic studies usually?
15 rodents and 3 nonrodents per sex
What are the animals that are administered the substance solely for the blood samples needed to determine the toxicokinetics of the substance?
satellite animals
what are the animals used to assess the reversibility of any changes from toxic effects after the dosage is complete and typically requires 5 rodents or 1 to 2 nonrodents per sex
recovery animals
a substance that damages a developing fetus
teratogen
What are the three areas of interest that are evaluated during a reproductive toxicity study?
segments
which segment studies the reproductive toxicity in male and female animals?
segment I
which segment studies the fetal toxicity?
segment II
which segment studies toxicity in newborn pups?
segment III
a substance that produces a fever
pyrogen