Chapter 11 Flashcards
the study of poisons and the harmful or noxious effects these substances have on living organisms.
toxicology
what are the five principal types of studies conducted in a toxicology lab?
acute, subacute, subchronic, chronic, and reproductive tests.
studies that involve exposure to a toxicant for a short period, less than 24 hours. These use rodents or rabbits, but fish are often used for determining the chemical safety of substances such as pesticides and industrial chemicals.
Acute Toxicity Studies
What co-operation is the United States a member of that codifies regulatory guidelines for acute toxicity studies?
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
What is LD50?
the median lethal dose, or the amount to kill 50% of a test population
a safety test for chemicals that may be accidentally or intentionally introduced into the eye
acute eye irritation test
What is another name for subacute, subchronic, and chronic studies?
multi-dose toxicity studies
how long are subacute studies done for?
often 28 days
how long do subchronic studies last for?
13 weeks, approx 10% of the life span of a rodent
how long do chronic studies usually last for?
26 weeks, 38 weeks, or 52 weeks
what are the animals used in global regulatory testing guidelines?
one rodent and one non-rodent (usually dogs or non-human primates)
How many test groups do they use to get a statistically relevant results?
4
how many rodents are there in a subacute study usually?
10 per sex
how many non rodents are there in a subacute study?
2 to 3 per sex
how many rodents vs nonrodents are there in subchronic studies usually?
15 rodents and 3 nonrodents per sex
What are the animals that are administered the substance solely for the blood samples needed to determine the toxicokinetics of the substance?
satellite animals
what are the animals used to assess the reversibility of any changes from toxic effects after the dosage is complete and typically requires 5 rodents or 1 to 2 nonrodents per sex
recovery animals
a substance that damages a developing fetus
teratogen
What are the three areas of interest that are evaluated during a reproductive toxicity study?
segments
which segment studies the reproductive toxicity in male and female animals?
segment I
which segment studies the fetal toxicity?
segment II
which segment studies toxicity in newborn pups?
segment III
a substance that produces a fever
pyrogen
what is the blood from horseshoe crabs used for?
test for pyrogens
what is the test called when the blood from horseshoe crabs is used to test for pyrogens?
limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL)
animals that lack one or more components of a normal immune system, giving them a deficiency in immune function
immunodeficient
what are the most common animals used in the immunodeficient studies?
nude mice
what characteristic do nude mice have that make them desirable for immunity studies?
they lack a thymus gland which produces T cells.
What are the rats and hamsters called that have T cell deficiencies?
Athymic
What does SCID stand for?
Sever Combined Immunodeficiency Disorder
Removal of the thymus gland is what method of making an animals immunodeficient?
surgically induced immunodeficiency
using an agent to suppress immunity
chemically induced immonodeficiency
What method of immunosupression is faster and more easily controlled in comparison with other methods?
irradiation
Total body radiation in a single exposure is the easiest to define and interpret
single exposure
exposures are intermittent, which permits cage cleaning and animal feeding
low-dose semicontinuous radiation
uses lead shields to protect certain parts of the body, limiting the animals radiation exposure
partial-body radiation
which mouse strain lacks NK cells?
beige mice
Which method is the most popular to induce immodeficiency?
genetic manipulation
What are proteins that are produced by lymphocytes in response to exposure to specific foreign substances?
antibodies
when an antigen that contains multiple unique areas on their surface that stimulates the production of different antibodies
polyclonal antibodies
What animals are commonly used for antibody production?
rabbits, sheep, and goats
the level of antibody
titer
substances mixed with antigen that directly stimulate immune cells to produce antibodies, and they prolong the absorption of the antigen from the injection site.
adjuvants
Which adjuvant produces antibodies consistently, but produces the most side effects as well?
FCA
What are the unacceptable techniques for adjuvants?
intraperitoneally, weight bearing areas, or volume larger than .5mL
antibody production that yields antibodies that recognize only one specific portion of the antigen.
monoclonal
goal of monoclonal antibody production:
expand and maintain the cell clone and collect its antibodies
When a cancer cell is fused with a plasma cell and has the properties of both parent cells, the good growth rate and desired antibody
hybridoma
when hybridoma cells are injected into the peritoneal cavity of a number of mice, which then grow rapidly. the cells produce antibodies in the fluids that accumulate.
in vivo technique.
What are the two types of animal models of cancer?
induced disease and spontaneous disease
what percent of AKR mice develop leukemia before the age of one year?
80%
what is the most used animal in behavioral research?
rats
what is the most used model due to the ability to manipulate their genome?
mice
what model is the most popular for dietary studies?
rats due to their availability and economy
a method of ensuring that the control group and experimental group receive the same amount of feed. This is achieved by starting the control group one day later than the test group.
pair-feeding
a device used to stabilize the head and precisely measure dimensions from anterior to posterior, lateral to medial, and in tissue depth.
stereotaxic apparatus
the firefly enzyme
luciferase
Mice monitored for abdominal distention
ascites-producing mice
