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Laboratory Animal Technician > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What two groups of aquatic animals dominate the research field?

A

amphibians and fish

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2
Q

What is the widest used amphibian in research?

A

Xenopus

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3
Q

What was developed in the toxicology field that was made as a toxicology screening assay in which chemicals are tested on the developmental stages of embryos for effects of malformation, growth inhibition, and mortality?

A

Frog Embryo teratogenesis Assay - Xenopus (FETAX)

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4
Q

what is the most common aquatic vertebrate used in biomedical research?

A

Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

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5
Q

Why are zebrafish a powerful model for studying gene function?

A

their internal anatomical structures are visible within the first 5 days of embryonic development

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6
Q

What is the primary enclosure for aquatic species?

A

immediate tank environment

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7
Q

What are most aquatic tanks made from?

A

polycarbonate or polysulfone plastic

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8
Q

what materials for tanks can result in illness and death?

A

metals or stainless steel

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9
Q

What system has individual tanks that work well for both small and large groups of animals, but need frequent changes and water changes?

A

static

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10
Q

What type of system is common in research facilities where water is recirculated but has a specific volume of water changes to introduce fresh water into the system, but can be bad if there is a water quality issue or a disease outbreak?

A

Recirculating systems

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11
Q

What system runs a constant low flow of water into and out of the tank without water circulation, but can be disruptive to species that prefer static water?

A

flow-through systems

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12
Q

How does cleaning of an aquatic system differ from rodent cage cleaning?

A

you cannot use detergents on aquatic systems

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13
Q

What is included in the primary enclosure of aquatic species?

A

filtration systems

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14
Q

an aggregate of microorganisms is desired on tank walls

A

true

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15
Q

What is one of the most important aspects of aquatic husbandry?

A

water quality

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16
Q

what is one surprising thing that amphibians are sensitive to?

A

latex gloves

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17
Q

What temperature do tropical amphibians need water at?

A

21C-29C (70-85F)

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18
Q

What temperature do temperate region amphibians need?

A

18-22C (65-72F)

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19
Q

What temperature are zebrafish colonies kept at?

A

24-28C (75-82F)

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20
Q

What is pH?

A

the number of hydrogen ions in a system

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21
Q

What does the pH scale range from, and what is neutral?

A

0-14, 7 is neutral

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22
Q

What values on the pH scale are acidic?

A

lower than 7

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23
Q

What values on the pH scale are basic/alkaline?

A

higher than 7

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24
Q

What pH do most aquatic species prefer?

A

6.8-7.1

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25
Q

How does varying pH affect ammonia in water?

A

ammonia becomes toxic in alkaline/basic conditions

26
Q

what can you add to the water to raise the pH of water?

A

add sodium bicarbonate or calcium carbonate

27
Q

what can you add to water to lower the pH?

A

glacial acetic acid and hydrochloric acid.

28
Q

what must you remove from municipal water before use in tanks?

A

chlorine

29
Q

What chemical is used in place of chlorine because it has lower levels of carcinogenic byproducts but is more toxic to aquatic life?

A

chloramines

30
Q

What is the best way to remove chloramines?

A

catalytic carbon filter or treatment with sodium thiosulfate

31
Q

What is the measure of the amount of dissolved salts and minerals, present as ions, within an aqueous solution, which is the flow of electricity?

A

conductivity

32
Q

What happens if there are too many ions in the water?

A

the water will flow out of the animals’ body into the water

33
Q

what happens if there aren’t enough ions in the water?

A

water will flow into the animal and cause an overload of the circulatory and excretory systems

34
Q

what is the term for the flow of water across a water-permeable barrier?

A

osmosis

35
Q

what is a measure of the amount of specific ions dissolved in water?

A

water hardness

36
Q

what minerals can be found in harder water?

A

calcium, magnesium

37
Q

What pH does hard water lean toward?

A

alkaline/basic

38
Q

What is the measure of oxygen molecules in the water?

A

dissolved oxygen (DO)

39
Q

What happens to DO when the temperature rises in the water?

A

oxygen will diffuse out of the water

40
Q

What is gas bubble disease?

A

when oversaturation of water with dissolved gases causes side effects in fish or amphibians and can cause rapid death

41
Q

what are methods of purifying water?

A

reverse osmosis, deionization, distillation

42
Q

for what purpose are buffering chemicals added to an aquatic system?

A

to adjust the pH

43
Q

what type of filters are available?

A

biological, mechanical, and chemical

44
Q

what is an inert/stable substance, typically silicone, gravel, glass, or plastic, with a high surface are that acts as a substrate to bind large numbers of nitrifying bacteria?

A

biological filter

45
Q

what happens to ammonia and nitrite levels when a biological filter is first added to a tank?

A

rise dramatically

46
Q

what is ‘new tank syndrome?”

A

when ammonia and nitrite levels rise drastically when a biological filter is first added

47
Q

what is the process of breaking down waste ammonia into less toxic byproducts?

A

nitrogen cycle

48
Q

where does the nitrogen cycle take place?

A

in the biological filter

49
Q

what are the less toxic byproducts of ammonia?

A

nitrites and nitrates

50
Q

what method physically removes solid waste from the tank?

A

mechanical/particulate filter

51
Q

what method dissolves minerals and compounds, including wastes, that may pass through the mechanical filter.

A

chemical filtration

52
Q

what light can kill microorganisms living in a tank?

A

UV light

53
Q

what is the germicidal spectrum for killin microorganisms but can cause mutations in DNA?

A

200-280 nanometers

54
Q

what is the standard for the flow rate of water into and out of the tank?

A

usually 5-6 per hour

55
Q

what type of outlets should aquatic facilities have for safety?

A

ground-fault circuit interrupted (GFCI)

56
Q

why is backup power so important?

A

to prevent catastrophic death due to DO depletion

57
Q

what is the best humidity for aquatic facilities?

A

50-80%

58
Q

what light levels should you keep fish at?

A

100-150 lux

59
Q

what light is not recommended in zebrafish rooms?

A

red light due to their red-sensitive cone cells

60
Q

how far above the floor should electrical outlets be located?

A

1m

61
Q

Why does the germicidal spectrum have to be in a certain wavelength range?

A

to cause a limitation in microorganism replication

62
Q

which parameter is is acceptable to check on a weekly basis, rather than daily?

A

hardness (measure of calcium and magnesium in water)

Laboratory Animal Technician (13 decks)

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