Chapter 7B Vocab

Question 1

The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Answer 1

Cognition

Question 2

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

Answer 2

Concept

Question 3

A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a Proto type provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories

Answer 3

Prototype

Question 4

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrast with the usually speedier use of heuristics

Answer 4

Algorithm

Question 5

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone then algorithms

Answer 5

Heuristic

Question 6

A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrast with strategy based solutions

Answer 6

Insight

Question 7

The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

Answer 7

Creativity

Question 8

A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions into ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Answer 8

Confirmation bias

Question 9

The inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set

Answer 9

Fixation

Question 10

A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

Answer 10

Mental set

Question 11

The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem-solving

Answer 11

Functional fixedness

Question 12

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information

Answer 12

Representativeness heuristic

Question 13

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common

Answer 13

Availability heuristic

Question 14

The tendency to become more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements

Answer 14

Overconfidence

Question 15

Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

Answer 15

Belief perseverance

Question 16

And effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

Answer 16

Intuition

Question 17

The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments

Answer 17

Framing

Question 18

Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combined them to communicate meeting

Answer 18

Language

Question 19

In language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

Answer 19

Phoneme

Question 20

In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word

Answer 20

Morpheme

Question 21

In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

Answer 21

Grammar

Question 22

The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language

Answer 22

Semantics

Question 23

The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language

Answer 23

Syntax

Question 24

Beginning at about four months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language

Answer 24

Babbling stage

Question 25

The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words

Answer 25

One-word stage

Question 26

Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two word statements

Answer 26

Two word stage

Question 27

Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs

Answer 27

Telegraphic speech

Question 28

Whorfs hypothesis that language determines the way we think

Answer 28

Linguistic determinism