Chapter 6 Vocab

Question 1

An organisms decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it

Answer 1

Habituation

Question 2

Learning that certain events occur together. The event may be two stimuli or a response and its consequences

Answer 2

Associative learning

Question 3

A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

Answer 3

Classical conditioning

Question 4

The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.

Answer 4

Behaviorism

Question 5

In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus, such as salvation when food is in the mouth

Answer 5

Unconditioned response

Question 6

In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

Answer 6

Conditioned response

Question 7

In classical conditioning, originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

Answer 7

Conditioned stimulus

Question 8

A procedure in which the condition stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second conditioned stimulus

Answer 8

Higher-order conditioning

Question 9

The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

Answer 9

Extinction

Question 10

The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

Answer 10

Spontaneous recovery

Question 11

The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

Answer 11

Learned helplessness

Question 12

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Answer 12

Law of effect

Question 13

In operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

Answer 13

Shaping

Question 14

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response

Answer 14

Positive reinforcement

Question 15

Increasing behaviors by stopping over do you significantly stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response

Answer 15

Negative reinforcement

Question 16

I desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

Answer 16

Extrinsic motivation

Question 17

The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Answer 17

Modeling

Question 18

Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so

Answer 18

Mirror neurons

Question 19

Learning by observing others. Also called a social learning

Answer 19

Observational learning

Question 20

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

Answer 20

Fixed ratio schedule

Question 21

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

Answer 21

Variable ratio schedule

Question 22

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

Answer 22

Variable interval schedule

Question 23

An event that decreases the behavior that it follows

Answer 23

Punishment

Question 24

Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results and slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

Answer 24

Partial reinforcement

Question 25

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

Answer 25

Fixed interval schedule

Question 27

In operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement

Answer 27

Discriminative stimulus

Question 28

A mental representation of the layout of one’s environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rights act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it

Answer 28

Cognitive map

Question 29

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Answer 29

Latent learning

Question 30

A relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience

Answer 30

Learning

Question 31

A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

Answer 31

Insight

Question 32

I desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

Answer 32

Intrinsic motivation

Question 33

Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior

Answer 33

Prosocial behavior

Question 34

Hey system for electronically recording, amplify, and feeding him back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension

Answer 34

Biofeedback

Question 35

In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Answer 35

Reinforcer

Question 36

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally naturally and automatically triggers a response

Answer 36

Unconditioned stimulus

Question 36

In operant conditioning research, a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animals rate of our pressing or key pecking

Answer 36

Operant chamber

Question 37

In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response

Answer 37

Acquisition

Question 38

The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

Answer 38

Generalization

Question 39

Classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal and unconditioned stimulus

Answer 39

Discrimination

Question 41

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

Answer 41

Respondent behavior

Question 41

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Answer 41

Operant conditioning

Question 41

Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

Answer 41

Operant behavior

Question 43

An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

Answer 43

Primary reinforcer

Question 45

A stimulus that gains it’s reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforce

Answer 45

Conditioned reinforcer

Question 45

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Answer 45

Continuous reinforcement