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AP PSYC > Chapter 4 Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

The study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis

A

Parapsychology

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2
Q

The process by which are sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

A

sensation

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3
Q

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

A

Perception

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4
Q

Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the braids Integra geisha of sensory information

A

Bottom up processing

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5
Q

Information processing guided by higher level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

A

Top down processing

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6
Q

The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

A

Selective attention

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7
Q

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

A

Inattentional blindness

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8
Q

Failing to notice changes in the environment

A

Change blindness

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9
Q

The study of relationships between physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them

A

Psychophysics

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10
Q

The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50%of the time

A

Absolute threshold

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11
Q

A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation

A

Signal detection theory

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12
Q

Below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness

A

Subliminal

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13
Q

The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response

A

Priming

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14
Q

The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time. We experience the difference threshold and just notable difference

A

Difference threshold

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15
Q

The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant percentage

A

Webers law

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16
Q

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

A

Sensory adaptation

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17
Q

Conversion of one form of energy into another. And sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret

A

Transduction

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18
Q

The distance from the peak of one light or soundwave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths very from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of a radio transmission

A

Wavelength

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19
Q

The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light

A

Hue

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20
Q

The amount of energy and a light or soundwave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness as a determined by the amplitude of the wave

A

Intensity

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21
Q

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

A

Pupil

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22
Q

A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

A

Iris

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23
Q

The transparent structure behind the people that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

A

Lens

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24
Q

The light sensitive inner surface on the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

A

Retina

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25
Q

The process by which the eyes lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina

A

Accommodation

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26
Q

Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, one cones to respond

A

Rods

27
Q

Retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in the daylight or in the well lit conditions

A

Cones

28
Q

The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

A

Optic nerve

29
Q

The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a blind spot because no receptor cells are located there

A

Blind spot

30
Q

The central focus point in the retina, around which the eyes cones cluster

A

Fovea

31
Q

Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus such as shape angle or movement

A

Feature detectors

32
Q

The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brains natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision.

A

Parallel processing

33
Q

The theory that the retina contains three different color receptors one most sensitive to read one most sensitive to green and one most sensitive to blue. When stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color

A

Young Helmholtz trichromatic theory

34
Q

The theory that opposing retinal processes enable color vision.

A

Opponent process theory

35
Q

The sense or act of hearing

A

Audition

36
Q

The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

A

Frequency

37
Q

Hey tones experienced highness or lowness depends on frequency

A

Pitch

38
Q

The chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window

A

Middle ear

39
Q

A coiled, bony, fluid filled tube in the inner ear through which soundwaves trigger nerve impulses

A

Cochlea

40
Q

The innermost part of the year, containing the cochlea, semicircular Canal’s, and vestibular sacs

A

Inner ear

41
Q

Did hearing, the theory that links the pitch we here with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated

A

Place theory

42
Q

In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense it’s pitch

A

Frequency theory

43
Q

Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts soundwaves to the cochlea

A

Conduction hearing loss

44
Q

Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerves

A

Sensorineural hearing loss

45
Q

A device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea

A

Cochlear implant

46
Q

The system for sensing the position and movement for individual body parts

A

Kinesthesis

47
Q

The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance

A

Vestibular sense

48
Q

The theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological gate that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain

A

Gate control theory

49
Q

The principle that one sends me influence another, as when the smell of food influences it’s taste

A

Sensory interaction

50
Q

The controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition

A

Extrasensory perception

51
Q

And organized hole

A

Gestalt

52
Q

The organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings

A

Figure ground

53
Q

The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

A

Grouping

54
Q

The ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two dimensional; allows us to judge distance

A

Depth perception

55
Q

A laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals

A

Visual cliff

56
Q

Depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes

A

Binocular cues

57
Q

A binocular cue for perceiving depth: by comparing images from the retina is in the two eyes, the brain computes distance

A

Retinal disparity

58
Q

Depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either Eye alone

A

Monocular cues

59
Q

And illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession

A

Phi phenomenon

60
Q

Perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change

A

Perceptual constancy

61
Q

Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object

A

Color constancy

62
Q

InVision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field

A

Perceptual adaptation

63
Q

And mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

A

Perceptual set

AP PSYC (18 decks)

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