CHAPTER 7 White Racial Consciousness: Implications for Counseling and Psychotherapy

Question 1

why do whites not see their own priviliege

Answer 1

invisibility of their whiteness

Question 2

why is whiteness invisible to whites

Answer 2

ethnocentric monoculture and due to the bias that whiteness is neutral, normal, and average (the base for all things)

Question 3

is race biological or a social construct

Answer 3

social construct

Question 4

what 3 things make up whiteness

Answer 4

phenotype (expression of a gene in a physical way - i.e. skin tone)
cultural context (food, clothes, customs, histories, etc.)
sociohistorical dominance/power

Question 5

how do therapists work on themselves to move away from perpetuating racist ideas

Answer 5

by assuming a nonracist white identity

Question 6

what 3 things cause a therapist to be unintentionally racist

Answer 6

1- unaware of biases
see themselves as good and moral (not humble)
3- don’t have a sense of their own whiteness

Question 7

who is more likely to be bias, white women or men

Answer 7

white men

Question 8

what are the 5 stages of the HARDIMAN white racial identity development model

Answer 8

a) naiveté, or a lack of social consciousness, (b) acceptance, (c) resistance, (d) redefinition, and (e) internalization.

Question 9

define acceptance stage of the HARDIMAN white racial identity development model

Answer 9

democratic ideal—that everyone has an equal opportunity to succeed in a free society and that those who fail bear all the responsibility for their own failure. this stage has victim blaming and sees white as superior to all things.

this stage can last a lifetime.

Question 10

define resistance stage of the HARDIMAN white racial identity developmental model

Answer 10

challenge assumptions of White superiority and the denial of racism and discrimination. thye start to feel guilty

Question 11

define redefintion stage of the HARDIMAN white racial identity developmental model

Answer 11

question of who one is in relation to one’s racial heritage.

we ask how do we choose to carry on that lineage.

Question 12

define internalization stage of HARDIMAN model

Answer 12

esult of forming a new social and personal identity. this stage has social action.

Question 13

what are the 2 phases of the HELM white racial identity developmental model

Answer 13

a) abandonment of racism and (b) defining a nonracist White identity

Question 14

what are the 6 statuses of the 2 phases of the HELM white racial identity devleopmental model

Answer 14

contact, disintegration, and reintegration in the first phase; and pseudo‐independence, immersion/emersion, and autonomy in the second.

Question 15

define the contact status of the HELM white racial identity developmental model

Answer 15

denial or unaware of racism

Question 16

describe the disintegration status of the HELM white racial identity developmental model

Answer 16

racial moral dilemmas that cause a person to question themselves

Question 17

describe the reintegration status of the HELM white racial identity developmoental model

Answer 17

egression in which the pendulum swings back to the most basic beliefs of White superiority and minority inferiority

Question 18

describe the pseudo-independence status of the HELM white racial identity developmental model

Answer 18

intending to be socially conscious and helpful to minority groups, they may unknowingly perpetuate racism by “helping” minorities adjust to prevailing White standards.

Question 19

describe the immersion/emersion status of the HELM white racial identity developmental model x2

Answer 19

it is marked by (a) a shift in focus from trying to change People of Color to changing oneself and other White Americans, and (b) an increasing experiential and affective understanding that was lacking in the previous status

Question 20

describe the autonomy status of the HELM white racial identity developmental model

Answer 20

actively values and seeks out interracial experiences. they are growing into their nonracist white identity and do so without defensiveness but acceptance of the reality of racism.

Question 21

what are the 7 positions of the SUE AND SUE descriptive model of white identity

Answer 21

naivete
conformity
dissonance
resistance and immersion
introspection
integrative awareness
antiracist action

Question 22

describe conformity position in the SUE AND SUE descriptive model of white identity

Answer 22

attitudes and beliefs that are markedly ethnocentric.

Question 23

what are the 2 parts of the colorblind racism seen in the conformity position in SUE AND SUE

Answer 23

(a) color evasion (“I don’t see color, I just see human beings”) and (b) power evasion (racial discrimination does not exist or is a thing of the past).

Question 24

describe the dissonance position of the SUE AND SUE model

Answer 24

person starts to feel shame, guilt, anger, etc.
see the conflict between upholding humanistic nonracist values and their contradictory behavior

Question 25

describe the resistance and immersion position in the SUE AND SUE model

Answer 25

person may be more resistance to their own Whiteness and can become more immersive in other races/cultures due to their anger/guilt/shame as to what is currently the status quo

Question 26

what 2 ways of responding to the resistance and immersion position of the SUE and SUE model are there?

Answer 26

(a) the paternalistic protector role or (b) an overidentification with a minority group

Question 27

what happens in the introspecition status of the SUE and SUE model

Answer 27

less motivated by guilt and defensiveness, accept their Whiteness, and seek to redefine their own identity and that of their social group. (they ask who they are and what that means to them)

Question 28

what are the 4 parts of the integrative awareness position of the SUE AND SUE model

Answer 28

(a) understanding the self as a racial/cultural being, (b) being aware of sociopolitical influences regarding racism, (c) appreciating racial/cultural diversity, and (d) becoming more committed toward eradicating oppression

Question 29

describe the antiracist action position of the SUE and SUE model

Answer 29

haracterized by interpersonal and social action to fight against racism

Question 30

what does it mean to be a white ally as a white counselor

Answer 30

White counselors must consider the ways that their work is influenced by the unearned privilege that has accompanied their skin color. White counselors who identify as White allies also accept accountability for “work[ing] in solidarity with their colleagues of color to conduct culturally responsive professional practice, research, training, and institutional transformation”

Question 31

what are 7 ways to develop an nonracist white identity through prejudice reduction

Answer 31

(a) having intimate and close contact with others, (b) engaging in cooperation rather than competition on common tasks, (c) sharing mutual goals, (d) exchanging accurate information rather than stereotypes, (e) sharing an equal status relationship, (f) enjoying support for prejudice reduction by authorities and leaders, and (g) feeling a sense of connection and belonging with one another.

Question 32

what are the 5 learning principles according to SUE AND SUE to develop a nonracist white identity

Answer 32

PRINCIPLE 1: LEARN ABOUT PEOPLE OF COLOR FROM SOURCES WITHIN THE GROUP PRINCIPLE 2: LEARN FROM THE EXAMPLES OF HEALTHY AND STRONG PEOPLE OF THE CULTURE PRINCIPLE 3: LEARN FROM EXPERIENTIAL REALITY PRINCIPLE 4: LEARN FROM CONSTANT VIGILANCE OF YOUR BIASES AND FEARS PRINCIPLE 5: LEARN FROM BEING COMMITTED TO PERSONAL ACTION AGAINST RACISM