Chapter 7: Urinary System Flashcards by Sydnie Bookman

What are the 3 nitrogenous waste products?

urea, creatinine, and uric acid

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What are the three things that make up urine?

water, salts, and acids

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What is the purpose of the kidneys?

to remove nitrogenous waste from the blood which help to maintain proper balance of water, electrolytes (sodium and potassium), and acids in body fluids
secrete hormones
degrade and eliminate hormones

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Why are electrolytes important?

they are necessary for proper function of muscle and nerve cells

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What are 3 main things secreted by the kidneys?

renin, erythropoietin, and calciferol

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What does renin do?

help to raise blood pressure by influencing vasoconstriction

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What does erythropoietin do?

stimulates red blood cell production in bone marrow

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What does calciferol do?

it’s an active form of vitamin D that is necessary for the absorption of calcium from the intestine

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What are the two parts of a kidney?

cortex and medulla

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What is the hilum of a kidney and what is its purpose?

depression on the medial border of the kidney where blood vessels and nerves pass through

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What is the trigone of the bladder?

triangular region at the base of the bladder where the ureters enter and the urethra exits

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What is voiding?

urination

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What is the urinary meatus?

external opening of the urethra

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Explain how urine is made starting at the aorta

blood from aorta enters kidneys at renal arteries
it goes through the smaller arteries, arterioles, then glomeruli
water, salts, and urea pass through the membrane of the glomeruli to leave the bloodstream and collect in the glomerular (bowman) capsule
the water, salts, and urea pass through the renal tubule where most of the water, salt, and sugar reenters the bloodstream
potassium, acids, and drugs from the bloodstream go into the renal tubule then the renal pelvis
the product leaves the renal pelvis for the calyces, ureter, urinary bladder, and finally the urethra

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What are glomeruli?

mass of tiny, coiled, and intertwined smaller blood vessels in the kidney

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What is reabsorption?

when water, sugar, and salt gets reabsorbed into the blood stream while passing through the renal tubule of the kidney

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What is a nephron?

combination of glomerulus and renal tubule

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What are the three main steps of urine formation?

glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion

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Roughly how many nephrons do you have in a kidney?

1 million

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calyx

cup-like collecting region of the renal pelvis

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creatinine

nitrogenous waste excreted in urine

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What is an electrolyte?

chemical element that carries and electrical charge when dissolved in water
necessary for functioning of nerves and muscles

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meatus

opening or canal

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What is potassium important for?

allowing muscle contraction and conduction of nervous impulses

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Where does the filtration become urine?

renal tubule

What is sodium important for?

ensures proper transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, and other metabolic functions

meat/o

meatus

pyel/o

renal pelvis

vesic/o

bladder

azot/o

nitrogen

dips/o

thirst

kal/o

potassium

lith/o

stone

natr/o

sodium

noct/o

night

olig/o

scanty

poietin

substance that forms

py/o

pus

tripsy

crushing

uria

urination

Explain the color test in a urinalysis

you want a yellowish color red could mean blood clear means lots of water

Explain appearance test in a urinalysis

you want clear cloudy or turbid could mean a UTI

Explain protein test in a urinalysis

you want a small amount of protein if the test is positive, you may albumin which could be from a leak in the glomerular capsule

Explain glucose test in a urinalysis

you don't want sugar in your urine if you have it, it could indicate diabetes mellitus (too much sugar in the bloodstream)

Explain specific gravity test in a urinalysis

comparison of density of urine with that of water

Explain ketone bodies test in a urinalysis

too many ketones in the urine can mean not enough glucose in the blood

Explain sediment and casts test in a urinalysis

presence of abnormal particles in urine that may settle to the bottom of a sample

Explain phenylketonuria (PKU)

rare condition when a baby cannot break down phenylalanine causes mental retardation requires a diet without phenylalanine

What is glomerulonephritis?

inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney usually caused by bacterial infection

What is interstitial nephritis?

inflammation of connective tissue that lies between renal tubules

What is nephrolithiasis?

kidney stones

What is nephrotic syndrome?

group of clinical signs and symptoms caused by excessive protein loss in urine

What is polycystic kidney disease (PKD)?

multiple fluid filled sacs within and on the kidney

What is pyelonephritis?

inflammation of the lining of the renal pelvis and renal parenchyma

What is parenchyma?

essential and distinctive tissue of an organ

What is renal cell carcinoma?

cancerous tumor of the kidney in adulthood

What is renal failure?

decrease in excretion of wastes results from impaired filtration function

What is renal hypertension?

high blood pressure resulting from kidney disease

What is Wilms tumor?

malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in childhood

What is diabetes insipidus (DI)

antidiuretic hormone is not secreted or there is a resistance of the kidney to ADH

What is diabetes mellitus?

insulin is not secreted adequately or tissues are resistant to its effects

What is blood urea nitrogen (BUN)?

measurement of urea levels in the blood

What is creatine clearance?

measurement of the rate at which creatine is cleared from the blood by the kidney

What is CT urography?

xray images obtained using CT to show multiple cross sectional and other views of the kidney

What is a KUB study?

xray examinant ion of kidneys, ureters, and bladder

What is renal angiography?

xray examination with contrast of the blood vessels of the kidneys

What is retrograde pyelogram (RP)?

xray image of the renal pelvis and ureters with contrast through a catheter

What is voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)?

xray image with contrast of the bladder and urethra when the patient is urinating

What is a radioisotope scan?

image of the kidney obtained after injecting a radioactive substance into the bloodstream

What is dialysis?

process of separating nitrogenous waste materials from the blood

What is lithotripsy?

when urinary tract stones are crushed

What is renal angioplasty?

dilation of narrowed areas in the renal arteries

ADH

antidiuretic hormone

AKI

acute kidney injury

BUN

blood urea nitrogen

CAPD

continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

CKD

chronic kidney disease

Cl-

chloride

CrCl

creatine clearence

CRF

chronic renal failure

eGFR

estimated glomerular filtration rate

ESWL

extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

HCO3-

bicarbonate

hemodialysis

interstitial cystitis

IVP

intravenous pyelogram

K+

potassium

KUB

kidney, ureter, and bladder

peritoneal dialysis

potential hydrogen; scale to indicate degree of acidity or alkalinity

PKD

polycystic kidney diease

PUL

percutaneous ultrasound lithotripsy

retrograde pyelography

sp gr

specific gravity

urinalysis

VCUG

voiding cystourethrogram