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Medical Terminology Advanced > Chapter 7: Urinary System > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Urinary System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 3 nitrogenous waste products?

A

urea, creatinine, and uric acid

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2
Q

What are the three things that make up urine?

A

water, salts, and acids

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3
Q

What is the purpose of the kidneys?

A

to remove nitrogenous waste from the blood which help to maintain proper balance of water, electrolytes (sodium and potassium), and acids in body fluids
secrete hormones
degrade and eliminate hormones

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4
Q

Why are electrolytes important?

A

they are necessary for proper function of muscle and nerve cells

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5
Q

What are 3 main things secreted by the kidneys?

A

renin, erythropoietin, and calciferol

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6
Q

What does renin do?

A

help to raise blood pressure by influencing vasoconstriction

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7
Q

What does erythropoietin do?

A

stimulates red blood cell production in bone marrow

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8
Q

What does calciferol do?

A

it’s an active form of vitamin D that is necessary for the absorption of calcium from the intestine

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9
Q

What are the two parts of a kidney?

A

cortex and medulla

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10
Q

What is the hilum of a kidney and what is its purpose?

A

depression on the medial border of the kidney where blood vessels and nerves pass through

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11
Q

What is the trigone of the bladder?

A

triangular region at the base of the bladder where the ureters enter and the urethra exits

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12
Q

What is voiding?

A

urination

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13
Q

What is the urinary meatus?

A

external opening of the urethra

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14
Q

Explain how urine is made starting at the aorta

A

blood from aorta enters kidneys at renal arteries
it goes through the smaller arteries, arterioles, then glomeruli
water, salts, and urea pass through the membrane of the glomeruli to leave the bloodstream and collect in the glomerular (bowman) capsule
the water, salts, and urea pass through the renal tubule where most of the water, salt, and sugar reenters the bloodstream
potassium, acids, and drugs from the bloodstream go into the renal tubule then the renal pelvis
the product leaves the renal pelvis for the calyces, ureter, urinary bladder, and finally the urethra

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15
Q

What are glomeruli?

A

mass of tiny, coiled, and intertwined smaller blood vessels in the kidney

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16
Q

What is reabsorption?

A

when water, sugar, and salt gets reabsorbed into the blood stream while passing through the renal tubule of the kidney

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17
Q

What is a nephron?

A

combination of glomerulus and renal tubule

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18
Q

What are the three main steps of urine formation?

A

glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion

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19
Q

Roughly how many nephrons do you have in a kidney?

A

1 million

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20
Q

calyx

A

cup-like collecting region of the renal pelvis

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21
Q

creatinine

A

nitrogenous waste excreted in urine

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22
Q

What is an electrolyte?

A

chemical element that carries and electrical charge when dissolved in water
necessary for functioning of nerves and muscles

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23
Q

meatus

A

opening or canal

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24
Q

What is potassium important for?

A

allowing muscle contraction and conduction of nervous impulses

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25
Q

Where does the filtration become urine?

A

renal tubule

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26
Q

What is sodium important for?

A

ensures proper transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, and other metabolic functions

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27
Q

meat/o

A

meatus

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28
Q

pyel/o

A

renal pelvis

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29
Q

vesic/o

A

bladder

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30
Q

azot/o

A

nitrogen

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31
Q

dips/o

A

thirst

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32
Q

kal/o

A

potassium

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33
Q

lith/o

A

stone

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34
Q

natr/o

A

sodium

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35
Q

noct/o

A

night

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36
Q

olig/o

A

scanty

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37
Q

poietin

A

substance that forms

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38
Q

py/o

A

pus

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39
Q

tripsy

A

crushing

40
Q

uria

A

urination

41
Q

Explain the color test in a urinalysis

A

you want a yellowish color
red could mean blood
clear means lots of water

42
Q

Explain appearance test in a urinalysis

A

you want clear
cloudy or turbid could mean a UTI

43
Q

Explain protein test in a urinalysis

A

you want a small amount of protein
if the test is positive, you may albumin which could be from a leak in the glomerular capsule

44
Q

Explain glucose test in a urinalysis

A

you don’t want sugar in your urine
if you have it, it could indicate diabetes mellitus (too much sugar in the bloodstream)

45
Q

Explain specific gravity test in a urinalysis

A

comparison of density of urine with that of water

46
Q

Explain ketone bodies test in a urinalysis

A

too many ketones in the urine can mean not enough glucose in the blood

47
Q

Explain sediment and casts test in a urinalysis

A

presence of abnormal particles in urine that may settle to the bottom of a sample

48
Q

Explain phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

rare condition when a baby cannot break down phenylalanine
causes mental retardation
requires a diet without phenylalanine

49
Q

What is glomerulonephritis?

A

inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney
usually caused by bacterial infection

50
Q

What is interstitial nephritis?

A

inflammation of connective tissue that lies between renal tubules

51
Q

What is nephrolithiasis?

A

kidney stones

52
Q

What is nephrotic syndrome?

A

group of clinical signs and symptoms caused by excessive protein loss in urine

53
Q

What is polycystic kidney disease (PKD)?

A

multiple fluid filled sacs within and on the kidney

54
Q

What is pyelonephritis?

A

inflammation of the lining of the renal pelvis and renal parenchyma

55
Q

What is parenchyma?

A

essential and distinctive tissue of an organ

56
Q

What is renal cell carcinoma?

A

cancerous tumor of the kidney in adulthood

57
Q

What is renal failure?

A

decrease in excretion of wastes results from impaired filtration function

58
Q

What is renal hypertension?

A

high blood pressure resulting from kidney disease

59
Q

What is Wilms tumor?

A

malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in childhood

60
Q

What is diabetes insipidus (DI)

A

antidiuretic hormone is not secreted or there is a resistance of the kidney to ADH

61
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

insulin is not secreted adequately or tissues are resistant to its effects

62
Q

What is blood urea nitrogen (BUN)?

A

measurement of urea levels in the blood

63
Q

What is creatine clearance?

A

measurement of the rate at which creatine is cleared from the blood by the kidney

64
Q

What is CT urography?

A

xray images obtained using CT to show multiple cross sectional and other views of the kidney

65
Q

What is a KUB study?

A

xray examinant ion of kidneys, ureters, and bladder

66
Q

What is renal angiography?

A

xray examination with contrast of the blood vessels of the kidneys

67
Q

What is retrograde pyelogram (RP)?

A

xray image of the renal pelvis and ureters with contrast through a catheter

68
Q

What is voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)?

A

xray image with contrast of the bladder and urethra when the patient is urinating

69
Q

What is a radioisotope scan?

A

image of the kidney obtained after injecting a radioactive substance into the bloodstream

70
Q

What is dialysis?

A

process of separating nitrogenous waste materials from the blood

71
Q

What is lithotripsy?

A

when urinary tract stones are crushed

72
Q

What is renal angioplasty?

A

dilation of narrowed areas in the renal arteries

73
Q

ADH

A

antidiuretic hormone

74
Q

AKI

A

acute kidney injury

75
Q

BUN

A

blood urea nitrogen

76
Q

CAPD

A

continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

77
Q

CKD

A

chronic kidney disease

78
Q

Cl-

A

chloride

79
Q

CrCl

A

creatine clearence

80
Q

CRF

A

chronic renal failure

81
Q

eGFR

A

estimated glomerular filtration rate

82
Q

ESWL

A

extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

83
Q

HCO3-

A

bicarbonate

84
Q

HD

A

hemodialysis

85
Q

IC

A

interstitial cystitis

86
Q

IVP

A

intravenous pyelogram

87
Q

K+

A

potassium

88
Q

KUB

A

kidney, ureter, and bladder

89
Q

PD

A

peritoneal dialysis

90
Q

pH

A

potential hydrogen; scale to indicate degree of acidity or alkalinity

91
Q

PKD

A

polycystic kidney diease

92
Q

PUL

A

percutaneous ultrasound lithotripsy

93
Q

RP

A

retrograde pyelography

94
Q

sp gr

A

specific gravity

95
Q

UA

A

urinalysis

96
Q

VCUG

A

voiding cystourethrogram

Medical Terminology Advanced (13 decks)

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