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Medical Terminology Advanced > Chapter 10: Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Nervous System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is a neuron and what does it do?

A

microscopic nerve cells that collect into macroscopic nerves
carry electrical messages all over the body

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2
Q

What are the two classifications of the nervous system?

A

central and peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of?

A

brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

A

cranial and spinal nerves, plexuses, and peripheral nerves

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5
Q

What do cranial nerves do?

A

carry impulses between the brain and the head and neck

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6
Q

What do spinal nerves do?

A

carry messages between the spinal cord and chest, abdomen, and extremities

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7
Q

What is a plexus?

A

large network of nerves in the PNS

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8
Q

What do afferent nerves do?

A

these are sensory nerves that carry messages related to changes in the environment toward the spinal word and brain

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9
Q

What do efferent nerves do?

A

these are motor nerves that travel from the spinal cord and brain to muscles of the body, telling them how to respond

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10
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

A

carries impulses from the CNS to the organs

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11
Q

What are the two types of nerves in the autonomic nervous system?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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12
Q

What do sympathetic nerves do?

A

stimulate the body in times of stress and crisis
ex. increase heart rate

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13
Q

What do parasympathetic nerves do?

A

“rest and digest” body mode
ex. slow heart rate

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14
Q

Explain the devisions of the CNS and PNS

A
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15
Q

What is a neuron?

A

individul nerve cell

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16
Q

1.)

A

dendrites

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17
Q

2.)

A

cell body

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18
Q

4.)

A

axon

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19
Q

5.)

A

meylin sheath

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20
Q

6.)

A

terminal end fibers

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21
Q

7.)

A

synapse

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22
Q

Where does an impulse start?

A

branching fibers (dendrites) of a neuron

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23
Q

What are ganglia?

A

small clusters of nerve cell bodies

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24
Q

What is a synapse?

A

space where nerve impulse jumps from one neuron to another

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25
Q

What are glial cells and what do they do?

A

cells making up the stromal tissue of the CNS
create supportive framework and help ward off infections
do not transmit impulses

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26
Q

What are the 4 types of glial cells?

A

astrocytes, microglial, oligodendroglial, and ependymal cells

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27
Q

1.)

A

parietal lobe

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28
Q

2.)

A

temporal lobe

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29
Q

3.)

A

Wernicke area

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30
Q

4.)

A

Broca area

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31
Q

5.)

A

sulci

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32
Q

6.)

A

gyri

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33
Q

What is the cerebrum’s purpose?

A

thinking, personality, sensations, movements and memory
have surface nerve cells that lie in sheets to make sulci and gyri

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34
Q

What is the purpose of the cerebellum?

A

coordinates voluntary movements to maintain balance and posture

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35
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

acts like triage center to determine what is important and what’s not to relay to the cerebral cortex
controls awareness and consciousness

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36
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

has neurons that control body temperature, sleep, appetite, sexual desire, and emotions
controls pituitary gland and the hormones it releases
integrates activites of the CNS and PNS

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37
Q

What does the pons of the brainstem do?

A

has nerve fibers that connect the cerebellum and cerebrum to rest of brain
houses nerves for face and eye movement

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38
Q

What does the medulla oblongata do?

A

connects spinal cord to rest of brain
regulate things like breathing, heart rate, and respiratory rate

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39
Q

What does the midbrain do?

A

has pathways to connect cerebrum with lower portions of the brain

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40
Q

1.)

A

dura mater

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41
Q

2.)

A

subdural space

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42
Q

3.)

A

arachnoid space

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43
Q

4.)

A

subarachnoid space

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44
Q

5.)

A

pia mater

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45
Q

acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter chemical released at the end of nerve cells

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46
Q

arachnoid membrane

A

middle layer of membrane that surrounds the brain and spinal cord

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47
Q

astrocyte

A

glial cell that transports water and salts from capillaries

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48
Q

axon

A

microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell

49
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

protective separation between the blood and brain cells
stops things like drugs from penetrating capillary walls to enter the brain

50
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outer region of cerebrum that makes up the grey matter

51
Q

cranial nerves

A

12 pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain with regard to the head and neck

52
Q

dura mater

A

thick, outermost layer of meninges

53
Q

ependymal cell

A

glial cells that line membranes in the brain and spinal cord and helps to form CSF

54
Q

meninges

A

three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

55
Q

microglial cell

A

phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the CNS

56
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical messenger released at the end of nerve cell
stimulates or inhibits other cells

57
Q

oligodendroglial cell

A

glial cell that forms myelin sheath coverings on axons

58
Q

pia mater

A

thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges

59
Q

stroma

A

connective and supporting tissue of an organ

60
Q

vagus nerve

A

tenth cranial nerve that branches to reach upper structures like stomach and aorta

61
Q

ventricles of the brain

A

canals that have CSF

62
Q

cerebr/o

A

cerebrum

63
Q

dur/o

A

dura mater

64
Q

gli/o

A

glial cells

65
Q

lept/o

A

thin, slender

66
Q

myel/o

A

spinal cord

67
Q

pont/o

A

pons

68
Q

radicul/o

A

nerve root

69
Q

thec/o

A

sheath

70
Q

vag/o

A

vagus nerve

71
Q

alges/o

A

sensitivity to pain

72
Q

caus/o

A

burning

73
Q

comat/o

A

deep sleep (coma)

74
Q

esthesi/o

A

feeling, nervous sensation

75
Q

kines/o

A

movement

76
Q

lepsy

A

seizure

77
Q

lex/o

A

word, phrase

78
Q

paresis

A

weakness

79
Q

phasia

A

speech

80
Q

plegia

A

paralysis

81
Q

praxia

A

action

82
Q

sthenia

A

strength

83
Q

syncop/o

A

to cut off, cut short

84
Q

tax/o

A

order, coordination

85
Q

hydrocephalus and type

A

abnormal CSF accumulation in brain
congenital

86
Q

spina bifida and type

A

imperfect union of vertebral parts
congenital

87
Q

Alzheimer disease and type

A

mental deterioration with personality changes and impairment of daily functioning
degenerative, movement, and seizure

88
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and type

A

degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord
degenerative, movement, and seizure

89
Q

epilepsy and type

A

brain disorder with sudden charges of electrical activity within the brain
degenerative, movement, and seizure

90
Q

huntington disease and type

A

degenerative changes in cerebrum which causes abrupt involuntary movements and mental deterioration
degenerative, movement, and seizure

91
Q

multiple sclerosis and type

A

destruction of myelin sheath on neurons in CNS and replacement with plaques
degenerative, movement, and seizure

92
Q

myasthenia graves (MG) and type

A

autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterizes by weakness of voluntary muscles
degenerative, movement, and seizure

93
Q

palsy and type

A

paralysis or complete loss of motor function
degenerative, movement, and seizure

94
Q

parkinson disease and type

A

degeneration of neurons in basal ganglia
degenerative, movement, and seizure

95
Q

Tourette syndrome and type

A

involuntary, spasmodic, twitching movements with uncontrollable vocal and sounds and inappropriate words
degenerative, movement, and seizure

96
Q

herpes zoster and type

A

shingles
viral infection affecting peripheral nerves
infectious disorders

97
Q

meningitis and type

A

inflammation of the meninges
infectious disorders

98
Q

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy and type

A

brain disease with dementia occurring with AIDS
infectious disorder

99
Q

brain tumor and type

A

abnormal growth of the brain tissues and meninges
neoplastic disorder

100
Q

cerebral concussion and type

A

traumatic brain injury caused by blow to head
traumatic disorder

101
Q

cerebral contusion and type

A

bruising of brain tissue resulting from direct trauma to the head
traumatic disorder

102
Q

cerebrovascular accident (CVA) and type

A

disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain; a stroke
vascular disorders

103
Q

EEG

A

electroencephalogram

104
Q

GABA

A

gamma-aminobutyric acid

105
Q

ICP

A

intracranial pressure

106
Q

LP

A

lumbar puncture

107
Q

MAC

A

monitored anesthetic care

108
Q

MG

A

myasthenia gravis

109
Q

MRA

A

magnetic resonance angiography

110
Q

1/2 P

A

hemiparesis

111
Q

PCA

A

patient-controlled anesthesia

112
Q

PET

A

positron emission tomography

113
Q

TBI

A

traumatic brain injury

114
Q

TENS

A

transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

115
Q

TIA

A

transient ischemic attack

116
Q

TLE

A

temporal lobe epilepsy

117
Q

stereostatic radiosurgery

A

use of specialized instrument to locate and treat targets in the brain

118
Q

positron emission tomography (PET scan)

A

radioactive glucose is injected and then detected in the brain to image the metabolic activity of cells

Medical Terminology Advanced (13 decks)

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