Chapter 5: Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
What is ingestion?
A
when complex food is taken into the mouth
2
Q
What is digestion and where does it occur?
A
breaking down of complex food both chemically and mechanically
occurs in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine
3
Q
What do digestive enzymes do?
A
they speed up chemical reactions and aid the breakdown of complex nutrients
4
Q
What are complex proteins broken down into?
A
amino acids
5
Q
What are complex sugars broken down into?
A
simple sugars like glucose
6
Q
What are large fat molecules broken down into?
A
fatty acids and triglycerides
7
Q
What is absorption?
A
when nutrients from digested food pass through the lining cells or epithelium of the small intestine into the bloodstream
8
Q
What is elimination?
A
concentrated solid wastes from the large intestine pass out of the body through the anus
9
Q
Where does the gastrointesintal tract begin?
A
the oral cavity
10
Q
bucc/o
A
cheek
11
Q
cheil/o ; labi/o
A
lips
12
Q
palat/o
A
palate
13
Q
What are rugae?
A
irregular ridges in the mucous membrane covering the anterior portion of the hard palate
14
Q
What is the uvula and what does it do?
A
small, soft tissue protection that hangs from the soft palate
aids in production of sounds and speech
15
Q
uvul/o
A
uvula
16
Q
gloss/o ; lingu/o
A
tongue
17
Q
gingiv/o
A
gums
18
Q
dent/I ; odont/o
A
teeth
19
Q
What is mastication?
A
chewing
20
Q
What is deglutition?
A
swallowing
21
Q
What do the tonsils do?
A
acts as filters to protect the body from infections and produce lymphocytes
22
Q
How many permanent teeth are in the oral cavity?
A
32
23
Q
1.)
A
central incisor
24
Q
2.)
A
lateral incisor
25
3.)
canine
26
4.)
first premolar
27
5.)
second premolar
28
6.)
first molar
29
7.)
second molar
30
8.)
third molar (wisdom tooth)
31
1.)
crown
32
2.)
root
33
3.)
enamel
34
4.)
dentin
35
What is dentin?
main substance of the tooth
36
5.)
pulp
37
What is cementum and what does it do?
layer on top of dentin around the root of the tooth
protects, and supports the dentin in the root
38
What is a periodontal membrane and what does it do?
layer surrounding the cementum
holds the tooth into place in the tooth socket
39
What are the 4 things you will find in the pulp of a tooth?
blood vessels, nerve endings, connective tissue, and lymphatic tissue
40
What are the three types of salivary glands?
parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands
41
What is found in saliva?
digestive enzymes and healing growth factors like cytokines
42
1.)
parotid gland
43
2.)
submandibular gland
44
3.)
sublingual gland
45
What is the pharynx (throat) and what does it do?
a muscular tube that serves as a passageway for air and food
46
What is peristalsis?
involuntary contraction of muscles in the wall of the esophagus which propel a bolus toward the stomach
47
What is a bolus?
mass of food
48
What does the pyloric sphincter do?
allows food to leave the stomach
49
What are rugae in the stomach and what do they do?
folds in the mucosa or mucous membrane
increase surface area for digestion and have glands that produce pepsin and hydrochloric acid
50
What do pepsin and hydrochloric acid do?
both begin digestion of proteins and hydrochloric acid kills bacteria
51
2.)
lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
52
3.)
lesser curvature
53
4.)
pyloric sphincter
54
5.)
duodenum
55
6.)
pylorus
56
7.)
antrum
57
8.)
body
58
9.)
fundus
59
What are the three parts of the small intestine?
duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
60
What does the duodenum do?
receives food from the stomach, bile from the liver and gallbladder, and pancreatic juice from the pancreas
61
What is the purpose of intestinal villi?
they have tiny capillaries that absorb digested nutrients into the bloodstream and lymph vessels
62
7.)
jejunum
63
8.)
ileum
64
14.)
sigmoid colon
65
What is the hepatic flexure?
where the ascending colon turns into the transverse
66
What is the splenic flexure?
where the transverse colon turn into the descending
67
Which portion of the digestive tract absorbs the most water?
large intestine
68
3.)
common bile duct
69
5.)
pancreatic ducts
70
What are the 5 main functions of the liver?
products bile, releases bilirubin into bile, helps to maintain normal blood glucose levels, makes blood proteins for clotting, and removes toxins from the blood
71
What are the three main things that make up bile?
cholesterol, bile acids, and bile pigments (bilirubin)
72
How is bilirubin made and what does it do?
made from the breakdown of hemoglobin when red blood cells are destroyed
goes to the liver where it is conjugated or made into a water-soluble form
mixes with bile, enters the intestine, and leaves the body in feces
73
What is hyperbilirubinemia or jaundice?
too much bilirubin in the bloodstream
74
What does the gallbladder do?
stores bile
when food is eaten, the bile is expelled through the cystic duct where it then goes to the common bile duct and finally into the duodenum to aid in digestion
75
What happens during emulsification?
bile breaks down large fat globules for more surface area so enzymes from the pancreas can digest the fats
76
How does the liver aid in maintaining normal blood glucose levels?
removes excess glucose from the blood and stores it as glycogen (starch) in the liver cells
if glucose is low, the liver covers the glycogen back to glucose
77
What is glycogenolysis?
conversion of glycogen to glucose
78
What is gluconeogensis?
liver conversion of proteins and fats to glucose
79
What is the purpose of the portal vein?
brings blood to the liver from the intestines
allows digested nutrients to pass through to the liver
80
What does the pancreas do?
produces amylase, lipase, and protease to go to the duodenum
also secretes insulin
81
Where does amylase come from and what does it do?
secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands
digests starches
82
What does lipase do?
digests fat
83
amino acids
small building blocks of proteins that are released when proteins are digested
84
choledochus
common bile duct
85
What does protease do?
digests proteins
86
an/o
anus
87
append/o
appendix
88
cec/o
cecum
89
celi/o
belly, abdomen
90
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
91
duoden/o
duodenum
92
faci/o
face
93
ile/o
ileum
94
or/o
mouth
95
pharyng/o
throat
96
proct/o
anus and rectum
97
pylor/o
pyloric sphincter
98
sialaden/o
salivary gland
99
stomat/o
mouth
100
What are anastomoses and what are the three types?
surgical creation of a new opening between two parts of the body (usually intestines)
end to end, end to side, side to side
101
amyl/o
starch
102
bil/i ; chol/e
gall, bile
103
chlorhydr/o
hydrochloric acid
104
lith/o
stone
105
py/o
pus
106
sial/o
saliva
107
steat/o
fat
108
etiology
cause of illness or disease
109
idiopathic
unknown illness or disease
110
anorexia
lack of appetite
111
ascites
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
112
borborygmi
rumbling noises produced by movement of gas, fluid, or both in the intestinal tract
113
dysphagia
difficulty in swallowing
114
eructation
gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth (belching/burping)
115
flatus
gas expelled through the anus (farting)
116
hematochezia
passage of bright red blood from the rectum
117
melena
black, tarry stools with undigested foods
118
steatorrhea
fat in the feces
119
aphthous stomatitis
inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers
120
dental caries
tooth decay
121
herpetic stomatitis
inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with HPV
122
oral leukoplakia
white plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth
precancerous lesions
123
achalasia
failure of the LES muscle to relax
124
esophageal varices
swollen, varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus
125
gastroesophagal reflux
solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach
126
anal fistula
abnormal tube like passageway near the anus
127
Crohns disease
chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract
128
diverticulosis
abnormal outpouchings of the intestinal wall of the colon
129
dysentery
painful inflammation of the intestines caused by a bacterial infection
130
hemorrhoids
swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region
131
ileus
loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines
132
intussusception
telescoping of the intestines
133
ulcerative colitis
chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers
134
volvulus
twisting of the intestine on itself
135
IBS
GI symptoms with no defined abnormalities in the intestines
136
cholelithiasis
gallstones in the gallbladder
