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Medical Terminology Advanced > Chapter 5: Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Digestive System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is ingestion?

A

when complex food is taken into the mouth

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2
Q

What is digestion and where does it occur?

A

breaking down of complex food both chemically and mechanically
occurs in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine

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3
Q

What do digestive enzymes do?

A

they speed up chemical reactions and aid the breakdown of complex nutrients

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4
Q

What are complex proteins broken down into?

A

amino acids

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5
Q

What are complex sugars broken down into?

A

simple sugars like glucose

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6
Q

What are large fat molecules broken down into?

A

fatty acids and triglycerides

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7
Q

What is absorption?

A

when nutrients from digested food pass through the lining cells or epithelium of the small intestine into the bloodstream

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8
Q

What is elimination?

A

concentrated solid wastes from the large intestine pass out of the body through the anus

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9
Q

Where does the gastrointesintal tract begin?

A

the oral cavity

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10
Q

bucc/o

A

cheek

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11
Q

cheil/o ; labi/o

A

lips

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12
Q

palat/o

A

palate

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13
Q

What are rugae?

A

irregular ridges in the mucous membrane covering the anterior portion of the hard palate

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14
Q

What is the uvula and what does it do?

A

small, soft tissue protection that hangs from the soft palate
aids in production of sounds and speech

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15
Q

uvul/o

A

uvula

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16
Q

gloss/o ; lingu/o

A

tongue

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17
Q

gingiv/o

A

gums

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18
Q

dent/I ; odont/o

A

teeth

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19
Q

What is mastication?

A

chewing

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20
Q

What is deglutition?

A

swallowing

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21
Q

What do the tonsils do?

A

acts as filters to protect the body from infections and produce lymphocytes

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22
Q

How many permanent teeth are in the oral cavity?

A

32

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23
Q

1.)

A

central incisor

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24
Q

2.)

A

lateral incisor

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25
Q

3.)

A

canine

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26
Q

4.)

A

first premolar

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27
Q

5.)

A

second premolar

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28
Q

6.)

A

first molar

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29
Q

7.)

A

second molar

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30
Q

8.)

A

third molar (wisdom tooth)

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31
Q

1.)

A

crown

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32
Q

2.)

A

root

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33
Q

3.)

A

enamel

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34
Q

4.)

A

dentin

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35
Q

What is dentin?

A

main substance of the tooth

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36
Q

5.)

A

pulp

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37
Q

What is cementum and what does it do?

A

layer on top of dentin around the root of the tooth
protects, and supports the dentin in the root

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38
Q

What is a periodontal membrane and what does it do?

A

layer surrounding the cementum
holds the tooth into place in the tooth socket

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39
Q

What are the 4 things you will find in the pulp of a tooth?

A

blood vessels, nerve endings, connective tissue, and lymphatic tissue

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40
Q

What are the three types of salivary glands?

A

parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands

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41
Q

What is found in saliva?

A

digestive enzymes and healing growth factors like cytokines

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42
Q

1.)

A

parotid gland

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43
Q

2.)

A

submandibular gland

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44
Q

3.)

A

sublingual gland

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45
Q

What is the pharynx (throat) and what does it do?

A

a muscular tube that serves as a passageway for air and food

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46
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

involuntary contraction of muscles in the wall of the esophagus which propel a bolus toward the stomach

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47
Q

What is a bolus?

A

mass of food

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48
Q

What does the pyloric sphincter do?

A

allows food to leave the stomach

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49
Q

What are rugae in the stomach and what do they do?

A

folds in the mucosa or mucous membrane
increase surface area for digestion and have glands that produce pepsin and hydrochloric acid

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50
Q

What do pepsin and hydrochloric acid do?

A

both begin digestion of proteins and hydrochloric acid kills bacteria

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51
Q

2.)

A

lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

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52
Q

3.)

A

lesser curvature

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53
Q

4.)

A

pyloric sphincter

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54
Q

5.)

A

duodenum

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55
Q

6.)

A

pylorus

56
Q

7.)

A

antrum

57
Q

8.)

A

body

58
Q

9.)

A

fundus

59
Q

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

A

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

60
Q

What does the duodenum do?

A

receives food from the stomach, bile from the liver and gallbladder, and pancreatic juice from the pancreas

61
Q

What is the purpose of intestinal villi?

A

they have tiny capillaries that absorb digested nutrients into the bloodstream and lymph vessels

62
Q

7.)

A

jejunum

63
Q

8.)

A

ileum

64
Q

14.)

A

sigmoid colon

65
Q

What is the hepatic flexure?

A

where the ascending colon turns into the transverse

66
Q

What is the splenic flexure?

A

where the transverse colon turn into the descending

67
Q

Which portion of the digestive tract absorbs the most water?

A

large intestine

68
Q

3.)

A

common bile duct

69
Q

5.)

A

pancreatic ducts

70
Q

What are the 5 main functions of the liver?

A

products bile, releases bilirubin into bile, helps to maintain normal blood glucose levels, makes blood proteins for clotting, and removes toxins from the blood

71
Q

What are the three main things that make up bile?

A

cholesterol, bile acids, and bile pigments (bilirubin)

72
Q

How is bilirubin made and what does it do?

A

made from the breakdown of hemoglobin when red blood cells are destroyed
goes to the liver where it is conjugated or made into a water-soluble form
mixes with bile, enters the intestine, and leaves the body in feces

73
Q

What is hyperbilirubinemia or jaundice?

A

too much bilirubin in the bloodstream

74
Q

What does the gallbladder do?

A

stores bile
when food is eaten, the bile is expelled through the cystic duct where it then goes to the common bile duct and finally into the duodenum to aid in digestion

75
Q

What happens during emulsification?

A

bile breaks down large fat globules for more surface area so enzymes from the pancreas can digest the fats

76
Q

How does the liver aid in maintaining normal blood glucose levels?

A

removes excess glucose from the blood and stores it as glycogen (starch) in the liver cells
if glucose is low, the liver covers the glycogen back to glucose

77
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

conversion of glycogen to glucose

78
Q

What is gluconeogensis?

A

liver conversion of proteins and fats to glucose

79
Q

What is the purpose of the portal vein?

A

brings blood to the liver from the intestines
allows digested nutrients to pass through to the liver

80
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

produces amylase, lipase, and protease to go to the duodenum
also secretes insulin

81
Q

Where does amylase come from and what does it do?

A

secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands
digests starches

82
Q

What does lipase do?

A

digests fat

83
Q

amino acids

A

small building blocks of proteins that are released when proteins are digested

84
Q

choledochus

A

common bile duct

85
Q

What does protease do?

A

digests proteins

86
Q

an/o

A

anus

87
Q

append/o

A

appendix

88
Q

cec/o

A

cecum

89
Q

celi/o

A

belly, abdomen

90
Q

cholecyst/o

A

gallbladder

91
Q

duoden/o

A

duodenum

92
Q

faci/o

A

face

93
Q

ile/o

A

ileum

94
Q

or/o

A

mouth

95
Q

pharyng/o

A

throat

96
Q

proct/o

A

anus and rectum

97
Q

pylor/o

A

pyloric sphincter

98
Q

sialaden/o

A

salivary gland

99
Q

stomat/o

A

mouth

100
Q

What are anastomoses and what are the three types?

A

surgical creation of a new opening between two parts of the body (usually intestines)
end to end, end to side, side to side

101
Q

amyl/o

A

starch

102
Q

bil/i ; chol/e

A

gall, bile

103
Q

chlorhydr/o

A

hydrochloric acid

104
Q

lith/o

A

stone

105
Q

py/o

A

pus

106
Q

sial/o

A

saliva

107
Q

steat/o

A

fat

108
Q

etiology

A

cause of illness or disease

109
Q

idiopathic

A

unknown illness or disease

110
Q

anorexia

A

lack of appetite

111
Q

ascites

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

112
Q

borborygmi

A

rumbling noises produced by movement of gas, fluid, or both in the intestinal tract

113
Q

dysphagia

A

difficulty in swallowing

114
Q

eructation

A

gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth (belching/burping)

115
Q

flatus

A

gas expelled through the anus (farting)

116
Q

hematochezia

A

passage of bright red blood from the rectum

117
Q

melena

A

black, tarry stools with undigested foods

118
Q

steatorrhea

A

fat in the feces

119
Q

aphthous stomatitis

A

inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers

120
Q

dental caries

A

tooth decay

121
Q

herpetic stomatitis

A

inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with HPV

122
Q

oral leukoplakia

A

white plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth
precancerous lesions

123
Q

achalasia

A

failure of the LES muscle to relax

124
Q

esophageal varices

A

swollen, varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus

125
Q

gastroesophagal reflux

A

solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach

126
Q

anal fistula

A

abnormal tube like passageway near the anus

127
Q

Crohns disease

A

chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract

128
Q

diverticulosis

A

abnormal outpouchings of the intestinal wall of the colon

129
Q

dysentery

A

painful inflammation of the intestines caused by a bacterial infection

130
Q

hemorrhoids

A

swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region

131
Q

ileus

A

loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines

132
Q

intussusception

A

telescoping of the intestines

133
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers

134
Q

volvulus

A

twisting of the intestine on itself

135
Q

IBS

A

GI symptoms with no defined abnormalities in the intestines

136
Q

cholelithiasis

A

gallstones in the gallbladder

Medical Terminology Advanced (13 decks)

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