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Medical Terminology Advanced > Chapter 11: Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is the main function of the cardiovascular system?

A

uses the heart and blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells of body tissue

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2
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels in the body?

A

arteries, veins, and capillaries

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3
Q

What are arteries?

A

vessels that lead away from the heart

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4
Q

What are veins?

A

vessels that lead towards the heart
thinner walled than arteries

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5
Q

What are capillaries?

A

form the point of exchange for oxygen and nutrients into body cells and waste product coming from body cells
smallest of the three vessel types in the body

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6
Q

7.)

A

pulmonary artery

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7
Q

10.)

A

mitral valve

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8
Q

12.)

A

aortic valve

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9
Q

4.)

A

tricuspid valve

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10
Q

6.)

A

pulmonary valve

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11
Q

What is the tricuspid valve?

A

valve between the right atrium and right ventricle

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12
Q

What is the pulmonary valve?

A

valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery

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13
Q

What is the mitral valve?

A

valve between the left atrium and left ventricle

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14
Q

What is the aortic valve?

A

valve between the left atrium and aorta

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15
Q

Explain the pathway of blood through the heart

A
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16
Q

What are the two phases of the heartbeat sound?

A

diastole and systole

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17
Q

What is diastole?

A

relaxation; ventricles are filling, pulmonary and aortic valves are closed to build pressure

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18
Q

What is systole?

A

contraction; tricuspid and mitral valves close, pulmonary and aortic valves open, ventricles contract to push blood out

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19
Q

How often does the diastole-systole cardiac cycle occur per minute and how much blood pumps with each contraction?

A

70-80 x/minute
3 ounces of blood/contraction

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20
Q

What is the lubb sound of the heart?

A

closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves at the beginning of systole

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21
Q

What is the dubb sound of the heart?

A

closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves at the end of systole

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22
Q

What is a heart murmur?

A

abnormal heart sound cause by improper valve closure

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23
Q

What is the sinoatrial node (SA node)?

A

pacemaker of the heart; responsible for initiating the heartbeat because it’s where an electrical impulse originates; causes contraction of atria to force blood into the ventricles

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24
Q

What is the atrioventricular node (AV node)?

A

sends excitation wave to the atrioventricular bundle or bundle of his

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25
Q

What does the bundle of his do?

A

connects atria with the ventricles and transmits electrical impulses between them

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26
Q

1.)

A

sinoatrial node

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27
Q

2.)

A

atrioventricular node

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28
Q

3.)

A

atrioventricular bundle

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29
Q

4.)

A

left bundle branch

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30
Q

5.)

A

right bundle branch

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31
Q

What is the P wave?

A

spread of excitation wave over atria just before contraction

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32
Q

What is the QRS wave?

A

spread of excitation wave over the ventricles as they contract

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33
Q

What is the T wave?

A

electrical recovery and relaxation of ventricles

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34
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

the force that blood exerts on arterial walls

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35
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

cuff to measure blood pressure

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36
Q

What is blood pressure expressed as in words?

A

systolic/diastolic

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37
Q

hypertension

A

high blood pressure

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38
Q

apex of heart

A

lower tip of heart

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39
Q

coronary arteries

A

blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry blood to the heart muscle (found on surface of heart)

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40
Q

endothelium

A

innermost living of blood vessels

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41
Q

myocardium

A

muscular, middle layer of the heart

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42
Q

normal sinus rhythm

A

a normal heart rate

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43
Q

pericardium

A

double layered membrane surrounding the heart

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44
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

flow of blood from the heart to the lungs then back to the heart

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45
Q

pulse

A

beat of heart as felt through the walls of arteries

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46
Q

systemic circulation

A

flow of blood from body tissue to the heart and then from the heart back to the tissues

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47
Q

venule

A

small vein

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48
Q

ather/o

A

yellowish plaque, fatty substance

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49
Q

brachi/o

A

arm

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50
Q

coron/o

A

heart

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51
Q

myx/o

A

mucus

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52
Q

ox/o

A

oxygen

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53
Q

phleb/o

A

vein

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54
Q

sphygm/o

A

pulse

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55
Q

steth/o

A

chest

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56
Q

vas/o

A

vessel

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57
Q

vascul/o

A

vessel

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58
Q

What is an arrhythmia?

A

improper conduction of impulses from SA to AV node to bundle of His
presents as a heart block, flutter, or fibrillation

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59
Q

What is congenital heart disease?

A

disease of heart caused by narrowing of aorta, open ductus arteriosus after birth, holes in the wall of septum, or congenital malformation

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60
Q

What is congestive heart disease?

A

heart can’t pump enough blood; usually caused by high blood pressure

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61
Q

What is coronary artery disease?

A

disease of the arteries surrounding the heart
includes atherosclerosis (fat deposits) and acute coronary syndromes (diseases where blood flow to the heart is decreased)

62
Q

What are some treatments for coronary artery disease?

A

drugs: nitrates, aspirin, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and statins
surgery: coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous coronary intervention

63
Q

What is deep vein thrombosis?

A

blood clot forms in a large vein, usually in a lower limb

64
Q

What is Raynaud’s disease?

A

recurrent episodes of pallor (pale) and cyanosis primarily in fingers and toes

65
Q

What is a BNP test?

A

measurement of brain natriuretic peptide in the blood
elevated could mean heart failure

66
Q

What are cardiac biomarkers?

A

chemicals that are measured in the blood as evidence of a heart attack

67
Q

What is a lipid test profile?

A

measurement of cholesterol and fats in a blood sample

68
Q

What is lipoprotein electrophoresis?

A

when lipoproteins are physically separated and measured in a blood sample

69
Q

angiography

A

x-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material

70
Q

computerized tomography angiography

A

3D x-ray images of the heart and coronary arteries using CT

71
Q

digital subtraction angiography

A

video equipment and a computer produce x-ray images of blood vessels

72
Q

electron beam computer tomography

A

electron beams and CT identify calcium deposits in and around coronary arteries to diagnose early CAD

73
Q

doppler ultrasound

A

sound waves measure blood blow within blood vessels

74
Q

echocardiography

A

echoes generated by high frequency sound waves produce images of the heart

75
Q

position emission tomography

A

images show blood flow and myocardial functions following uptake of radioactive glucose

76
Q

technetium TC 99m scan

A

technetium TC 99m sesta-mibi is injected IV and taken up by cardiac tissue

77
Q

thallium 201 scan

A

concentration of radioactive thallium is measured to give information about blood supply to the heart muscle

78
Q

endarterectomy

A

surgical removal of plaque from inner layer of artery

79
Q

thrombolytic therapy

A

drugs to dissolve clots that are injected into the bloodstream

80
Q

AAA

A

abdominal aortic aneurysm

81
Q

ACE inhibitor

A

angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor

82
Q

ACLS

A

advanced cardiac life support

83
Q

ACS

A

acute coronary syndrome

84
Q

ADP

A

adenosine diphosphate

85
Q

AED

A

automatic external defibrillator

86
Q

AF, a-fib

A

atrial fibrillation

87
Q

AICD

A

automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

88
Q

AMI

A

acute myocardial infarction

89
Q

ARVD

A

arrhythmogenic right ventricular displasia

90
Q

ARB

A

angiotensin 2 receptor blocker

91
Q

AS

A

aortic stenosis

92
Q

ASD

A

atrial septal defect

93
Q

AV

A

atrioventricular

94
Q

AVR

A

aortic valve replacement

95
Q

BBB

A

bundle branch block

96
Q

BNP

A

brain natriuretic peptide

97
Q

CABG

A

coronary artery bypass grafting

98
Q

CAD

A

coronary artery disease

99
Q

CCU

A

coronary care unit

100
Q

CHF

A

congestive heart failure

101
Q

CK

A

creatine kinase

102
Q

CoA

A

coarctation of aorta

103
Q

CRT

A

cardiac resynchronization theraphy

104
Q

CTNI

A

cardiac troponin-1

105
Q

DES

A

drug-eluting stent

106
Q

DSA

A

digital subtraction angiography

107
Q

DVT

A

deep vein thrombosis

108
Q

ECMO

A

extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

109
Q

EF

A

ejection fraction

110
Q

EPS

A

electrophysiology study

111
Q

ETT

A

exercise tolerance test

112
Q

EVAR

A

end-vascular aneurysm repair

113
Q

FFR

A

fractional flow reserve

114
Q

HDL

A

high-density lipoprotein

115
Q

hsCRP

A

high sensitivity C-reactive protein

116
Q

HTN

A

hypertension

117
Q

IABP

A

intra-aortic balloon pump

118
Q

ICD

A

implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

119
Q

IVUS

A

intravascular ultrasound

120
Q

LAD

A

left anterior descending

121
Q

LDL

A

low-density lipoprotein

122
Q

LMWH

A

low-molecular-weight heparin

123
Q

LV

A

left ventricle

124
Q

LVAD

A

left ventricular assist device

125
Q

LVH

A

left ventricular hypertrophy

126
Q

MI

A

myocardial infarction

127
Q

MUGA

A

multiple-gated acquisition scan

128
Q

MVP

A

mitral valve prolapse

129
Q

NOAC

A

novel oral anticoagulant drug

130
Q

NSR

A

normal sinus rhythm

131
Q

NSTEMI

A

non-ST elevation myocardial infarction

132
Q

NT-proBNP

A

N-terminal pro-peptide of BNP

133
Q

PAC

A

premature atrial contraction

134
Q

PCI

A

percutaneous coronary intervention

135
Q

PDA

A

posterior descending artery

136
Q

PE

A

pulmonary embolus

137
Q

PVC

A

premature ventricular contraction

138
Q

SCD

A

sudden cardiac death

139
Q

SOB

A

shortness of breath

140
Q

SPECT

A

single photo emission computed tomography

141
Q

STEMI

A

ST elevation myocardial infarction

142
Q

SVT

A

supra ventricular tachyardia

143
Q

TAVR

A

transcatheter aortic valve replacement

144
Q

TEE

A

transesophageal echocardiography

145
Q

TEVAR

A

thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair

146
Q

TGA

A

transposition of the great arteries

147
Q

tPA

A

tissue-type plasminogen activator

148
Q

UA

A

unstable angina

149
Q

VF

A

ventricular fibrillation

150
Q

VSD

A

ventricular septal defect

151
Q

VT

A

ventricular tachycardia

152
Q

WPW

A

Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

Medical Terminology Advanced (13 decks)

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