Chapter 7- Structure And Function Of DNA

Question 1

Central Dogma

Answer 1

Description of the flow of genetic info in a biological system

DNA—>mRNA—>protein

Question 2

Transcription

Answer 2

Production of RNA from a DNA template

“Initiation” occurs in nucleus

Enzyme uses one strand of DNA as a template

Question 3

Translation

Answer 3

Production of protein from an mRNA sequence

Occurs in the cytoplasm on the ribosomes

Question 4

Gene

Answer 4

A segment of DNA that encodes a protein

Question 5

mRNA (messenger RNA)

Answer 5

The only type of RNA that is used as a template for protein synthesis

Contains complementary bases

Carries copied message to ribosomes

Question 6

tRNA (transfer RNA)

Answer 6

Carries the amino acids to the ribosome/mRNA to synthesize the protein

Question 7

rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

Answer 7

Helps make up the structure of the ribosome

Holds the mRNA template

Question 8

Nucleotides

Answer 8

Monomers of nucleic acids

Genetic subunits

Question 9

Complementary base pairing

Answer 9

A—T (2 bonds)
C—G (3 bonds)

A—U in mRNA

Question 10

Anti-parallel

Answer 10

One strand of nucleotides runs in the 5’ to 3’ direction, the other runs 3’ to 5’ direction

Question 11

Codon

Answer 11

Group of 3 adjacent nucleotides

Each specifies a specific amino acid

Question 12

Anti-codon

Answer 12

Three base region of a tRNA molecule that is complementary to the codon being read

Question 13

Genetic code

Answer 13

The rules for assigning a specific amino acid to a specific codon

Question 14

Start codon

Answer 14

A codon that indicates the start of a protein

Question 15

Stop codon

Answer 15

Codon that indicates the end of a protein

Polypeptide is released from ribosome, folds to a protein

Question 16

RNA polymerase

Answer 16

Enzyme that recognizes the beginning and end of a gene and copies a DNA sequence to make an RNA sequence

Question 17

DNA template strand

Answer 17

The strand of DNA that is copied into an RNA sequence

Question 18

Mutation

Answer 18

A permanent change in the base sequence of DNA

Question 19

Replacement mutation

Answer 19

Replacement of one DNA base with another

Question 20

Silent mutation

Answer 20

May have no effect on the encoded protein

Question 21

Missence mutation

Answer 21

The codon on mRNA may specify the wrong amino acid

Question 22

Nonsense mutation

Answer 22

May change a codon to a stop-codon

Question 23

Insertions and deletions

Answer 23

Adds or subtracts one or more nucleotides

Has very harmful effects

Question 24

Causes of mutations

Answer 24

Spontaneous

Physical or chemical agents (mutagens)

Question 25

Subunits of nucleotides

Answer 25

Phosphate
5C sugar (deoxyribose)
One of 4 nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine