Chapter 7: Respiratory System Flashcards
branch of medicine involving diagnosis and treatment of diseases and conditions of internal organs such as respiratory system
internal medicine
branch of medicine involving diagnosis and treatment of conditions and diseases of ear, nose and throat
otorhinolaryngology (ENT)
branch of medicine involved in diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of respiratory system
pulmonology
allied health specialty that assists patients with respiratory and cardiopulmonary disorders; conduct pulmonary function tests, monitor oxygen levels in blood, etc
respiratory therapy
anosmia
lack of sense of smell
branch of medicine involving diagnosis and treatment of conditions and diseases of respiratory system by surgical means
thoracic surgery
anoxia
condition of receiving almost no oxygen from inhaled air
aphonia
condition of being unable to produce sounds
apnea
not breathing
lack of oxygen that can lead to unconsciousness and death if not corrected immediately; suffocation
asphyxia
refers to withdrawing fluid from body cavity using suction
aspiration
breathing too slowly; low respiratory rate
bradypnea
dilated bronchus
bronchiectasis
involuntary muscle spasm of smooth muscle in wall of bronchus
bronchospasm
abnormal breathing pattern where there are long periods of apnea followed by deeper, more rapid breathing
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
abnormal widening and thickening of ends of fingers and toes associated with chronic oxygen deficiency; seen in patients with chronic respiratory condition
clubbing
abnormal cracking or bubbling sound made during inspiration; indicates presence of fluid or mucus in small airways; rales
crackles
blush tint of skin that is receiving insufficient amount of oxygen or circulation
cyanosis
condition of having difficulty producing sounds or producing abnormal sounds
dysphonia
difficult or labored breathing
dyspenia
nosebleed
epistaxis
normal breathing and respiratory rate
eupnea
to cough up blood or blood-stained sputum
hemoptysis
presence of blood in chest cavity
hemothorax
condition of having excessive carbon dioxide in body
hypercapnia
taking deep breaths
hyperpnea
breathing both too fast (tachypnea) and too deep (hyperpnea)
hyperventilation
insufficient level of carbon dioxide in body
hypocapnia
taking shallow breaths
hypopnea
breathing both too slow (bradypnea) and too shallow (hypopnea)
hypoventilation
condition of having insufficient amount of oxygen in bloodstream
hypoxemia
condition of receiving insufficient amount of oxygen from inhaled air
hypoxia
paralysis of muscles controlling larynx
laryngoplegia
describes dyspnea worsened by lying flat; patient feels able to breath easier while sitting up; common in people with pulmonary disease
orthopnea
inflammation of all paranasal sinuses
pansinusitis
open or unblocked, such as patient airway
patent
thick mucus secreted by membranes lining respiratory tract
phlegm
grating sound made when 2 layers of pleura rub together during respiration; caused when one surface becomes thickers as result of inflammation or other disease conditions
pleural rub
pleural pain
pleurodynia
presence of pus in chest cavity; indicates bacterial infection
pyothorax
inflammation of nasal cavity
rhinitis
rapid flow of blood from nose
rhinorrhagia
discharge from nose; runny nose
rhinorrhea
somewhat musical sound during expiration, found in asthma or infection; caused by spams of bronchial tubes; wheezing
rhonchi
used to indicate patient is having some difficulty breathing; sypnea
shortness of breath (SOB)
mucus or phlegm coughed up from lining of respiratory tract
sputum
harsh, high-pitched, noisy breathing sound made when there is obstruction of bronchus or larynx; found in conditions such as croup
stridor
breathing fast; high respiratory rate
tachypnea
chest pain; not angina pectoris
thoracalgia
narrowing of trachea
tracheostenosis
acute respiratory condition found in infants and children characterized by barking type of cough or stridor
croup
bacterial upper respiratory infection characterized by formation of thick membranous film across throat and high mortality rate
diphtheria
inflammation of larynx
laryngitis
inflammation of nasal cavity and pharynx; common cold
nasopharyngitis
infectious bacterial disease of upper respiratory system that children receive immunization against as part of their DPT shots; whooping cough
pertussis
inflammation of pharynx; sore throat
pharyngitis
fungal infection of nasal cavity
rhinomycosis
disease caused by various conditions, like allergens and resulting in constriction of bronchial airways; dyspnea, cough, wheezing
asthma
abnormal enlargement of bronchi; can result in destruction of bronchial walls; coughing up large amount of purulent sputum, crackles, and hemoptysis
bronchiectasis
inflammation of a bronchus
bronchitis
malignant tumor originating in bronchi; usually associated with history of cigarette smoking
bronchogenic carcinoma
acute respiratory failure in adults characterized by tachypnea, dyspnea, cyanosis, tachycardia, and hypoxemia; can be called acute respiratory distress syndrome
adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
type of pneumoconiosis that develops from collection of coal dust in lung; black lung/miner’s lung
anthracosis
type of pneumoconiosis that develops from collection of asbestos fibers in lungs; may lead to development of lung cancer
asbestosis
condition in which alveoli in a portion of the lung collapse, preventing respiratory exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
atelectasis
progressive, chronic and usually irreversible group of conditions (often combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema) in which lungs have diminished capacity for inhalation and exhalation
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
hereditary condition causing exocrine glands to malfunction; patient produces thick mucus that causes severe congestion within lungs, pancreas, and intestine
cystic fibrosis (CF)
pulmonary condition characterized by destruction of walls of alveoli, resulting in fewer, overexpanded air sacs; can result from smoking; patient may not be able to breathe except in sitting or standing position
emphysema
pulmonary infection caused by fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, count in dust and in droppings of pigeons and chickens
histoplasmosis
lung condition most commonly found in premature infants with tachypnea and respiratory grunting ; caused by lack of surfactant necessary to keep lungs inflated; also called HMD
infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)
viral infection of respiratory system characterized by chills, fever, body aches, and fatigue; the flu
influenza (flu)
severe, often fatal bacterial infection characterized by pneumonia and liver and kidney damage
Legionnaires’ disease
life-threatening viral respiratory illness first reported in Saudi Arabia; fever, cough, shortness of breath
Middle East respiratory system (MERS)
less severe but longer-lasting form of pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae; walking pneumonia
Mycoplasma pneumonia
condition from inhalation of environmental particles that become toxic
pneumoconiosis
inflammatory condition of lung that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and aspirated substances, results in filling of alveoli and air spaces with fluid
pneumonia
condition where lung tissue retains excessive amount of fluid, especially in alveoli, results in dyspnea
pulmonary edema
obstruction of pulmonary artery or one of its branches by embolus; may cause infarct in lung tissue
pulmonary embolism (PE)
formation of fibrous scar tissue in lungs that lead to decreased ability to expand lungs; may be caused by infections, pneumoconiosis, autoimmune disease
pulmonary fibrous
acute viral respiratory infection that begins like flu but quickly progresses to severe dyspnea; high fatality rate in persons over age 65
severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
type of pneumoconiosis that develops from inhalation of silica (quartz) dust found in quarrying, glasswork
silicosis
condition where breathing stops repeatedly during sleep long enough to cause drops in oxygen levels in blood
sleep apnea
unexplained and unexpected death of infant under one year; child stops breathing for unknown reason
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
infectious disease caused by bacteria; affects respiratory system and causes inflammation and calcification in lungs; weakened immune system
tuberculosis (TB)
pus with pleural space usually associated with bacterial infection; also called pyothorax
empyema
abnormal accumulation of fluid in pleural cavity preventing lungs from fully expanding
pleural effusion
inflammation of pleura characterized by sharp chest pain with each breath; also called pleuritis
pleurisy
collection of air or gas in pleural cavity, possibly resulting in collapse of lung
pneumothorax
DP: testing for glasses present in blood;generally used to assist in determining levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood
arterial blood gases (ABGs)
DP: testing sputum by placing it on culture medium and observing any bacterial growth; specimen is then tested to determine antibiotic effectiveness
sputum culture and sensitivity (C&S)
examining sputum for malignant cells
sputum cytology
x-ray record of bronchus produced by bronchography
bronchogram
x-ray of lung after radiopaque substance inserted into trachea or bronchial tubes
branchiography
taking radiographic pictures of lungs and heart from back and sides
chest X-ray (CXR)
injecting dye into blood vessels for purpose of taking X-ray of arteries and veins of lungs
pulmonary angiography
nuclear medicine diagnostic test especially useful in identifying pulmonary emboli; radioactive air is inhaled for ventilation portion to determine if air is filling entire lung; radioactive intravenous injection shows if blood is flowing to all parts of lung
ventilation-perfusion scan
instrument used to view inside bronchus during bronchoscopy
bronchoscope
visual examination of inside of bronchi; use bronchoscope
bronchoscopy
instrument used to view inside larynx during laryngoscopy
laryngoscope
examination of interior of larynx with lighted instrument called laryngoscope
laryngoscopy
instrument that measures amount of oxygen in bloodstream
oximeter
procedure to measure oxygen level in blood using device, oximeter, placed on patient’s fingertips or earlobe
oximetry
group of diagnostic tests that give information regarding airflow in and out of lungs, lung volumes, and gas exchange between lungs and bloodstream
pulmonary function test (PFT)
instrument to measure lung capacity used to spirometry
spirometer
procedure to measure lung capacity using spirometer
spirometry
monitoring patient while sleeping to identify sleep apnea; called sleep apnea study
polysomnography
test for cystic fibrosis; patients with this disease have abnormally large amounts of salt in their sweat
sweat test
procedure where tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) is applied under surface of skin to determine if patient has been exposed to tuberculosis; also called Mantoux test
tuberculin skin test (TB test)
medication suspended in mist intended for inhalation; delivered by nebulizer which provides mist for period of time while patient breathes
aerosol therapy
machine that supplies constant and steady air pressure through mask, keeps airways continuously open; common treatment for sleep apnea
continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
placing a tube through mouth, through glottis, and into trachea to create patient airway
endotracheal intubation
method for assisting patients in breathing using mask connected to machine that produces increased positive thoracic pressure
intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB)
two-pronged plastic device for delivering oxygen into nose; one prong is inserted into each naris
nasal cannula
drainage of secretions from bronchi by placing patient in position that uses gravity to promote drainage; used for treatment of cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis
postural drainage
providing patient with additional concentration of oxygen to improve oxygen levels in bloodstream; oxygen may be provided by mask or nasal cannula
supplemental oxygen therapy
machine that provides artificial ventilation for patient unable to breathe on their own; called respirator
ventilator
surgical repair of a bronchus
bronchoplasty
surgical removal of larynx
laryngectomy
surgical repair of larynx
larygoplasty
surgical removal of a lobe of a lung
lobectomy
surgical removal of pleura
pleurectomy
procedure involving insertion of needle in pleural space to withdraw fluid; may be treatment for excess fluid accumulating or to obtain fluid for diagnostic examination
pleurocentesis
surgical removal of entire lung
pneumonectomy
surgical repair of nose
rhinoplasty
surgical puncture of chest wall for removal of fluids; also called thoracocentesis
thoracentesis
insertion of tube into chest cavity for purpose of draining off fluid or air; chest tube
thoracostomy
to cut into chest cavity
thoracotomy
surgical procedure often performed in emergency that creates opening directly into trachea to allow patient to breathe easier
tracheotomy
emergency treatment given by person trained in CPR and given to patients when the respirations and heart stop
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
technique for removing foreign body from trachea or pharynx by exerting diaphragmatic pressure
Heimlich maneuver
use of fingertips to tap on surface to assess condition beneath; determined in part by feel of surface as it is tapped and sound generated
percussion
Pharma: action that occurs in body when drug is allowed to accumulate or stay in body
cumulative action
prevention of diseases
prophylaxis
kills bacteria causing respiratory infections (ampicillin, amoxicillin)
antibiotic
blocks effects of histamine released by body during allergen attack (Allegra, Claritin)
antihistamine
relaxes muscle spasms in bronchial tubes; used to treat asthma(Proventil, Serevent)
bronchodilator
relieves urge to cough (hydrocodone, Hycodan)
antitussive
reduces inflammation and swelling in respiratory tract (Flonase, Nasonex)
corticosteroids
reduces stiffness and congestion throughout respiratory system (Afrin, Drixoral)
decongestant
improves ability to cough up mucus from respiratory tract (Mucinex, Robitussin)
expectorant
