Chapter 5: Cardiovascular System Flashcards
What are the three functions of the cardiovascular system?
distributes blood to all areas of the body
delivers needed substances to cells
removes waste from cells
What are the 5 organs that make up the cardiovascular system?
heart
blood vessels
arteries
capillaries
veins
The part of the circulatory system that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the tissues and cells, and then back to the heart.
systemic circulation
The part of the circulatory system that carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs to get oxygen, and then back to the heart.
pulmonary circulation
Where is the heart located?
mediastinum (center of chest cavity)
The inner layer of the heart that lines the heart chambers.
A smooth, thin layer that reduces friction as the blood passes through the heart chambers
the endocardium
The thick, muscular middle layer of the heart. Contraction of this muscle develops the pressure required to pump blood through the blood vessels.
the myocardium
The outer layer of the heart. It forms the visceral layer of the pericardial sac. The fluid between layers of the pericardial sac reduces friction as heart beats.
the epicardium
The two upper chambers of the heart that receive blood.
the atria
The two lower chambers of the heart
the ventricles
What walls divide the heart chambers into right and left sides?
the interatrial septum and interventricular septum
The heart valve that controls the opening between the right atrium and right ventricle
- called the atrioventricular valve (AV)
- prevents backflow of blood into right atrium
has three leaves/cusps
the tricuspid valve
The valve that controls the opening between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
- prevents backflow of blood into the right ventricle
- called the semilunar valve (half-moon shape)
the pulmonary valve
The valve that controls the opening between the left atrium and left ventricle
- atrioventricular valve
- prevents backflow of blood into left atrium
- called the bicuspid valve (two cusps)
the mitral valve
The period of time a chamber is relaxed
diastole
The period of time a chamber is contracting
systole
What system is the heart rate regulated by?
the autonomic nervous system
What are the three types of blood vessels?
arteries, capillaries, and veins
The pipes that circulate blood throughout the body
blood vessels
The channel within the blood vessels
the lumen
The large, thick-walled vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
the arteries
The network of tiny, thin walled blood vessels that connect arteries and veins
capillaries
Thin-walled valvular vessels that carry blood to the heart
veins
Pathology: branch of medicine that diagnoses and treatment of conditions and diseases of cardiovascular system
cardiology
Pathology: healthcare profession trained to perform a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures including electrocardiography exercise stress tests
cardiovascular technologist/technician
Pathology; Signs and Symptoms: inflammation of a vessel
angiitis
Pathology; Signs and Symptoms:involuntary muscle contraction of smooth muscle in wall of a vessel; narrows vessels
angiospasm
Pathology; Signs and Symptoms:narrowing of a vessel
angiostenosis
Pathology; Signs and Symptoms: obstruction of blood vessel by blood clot that has broken off from thrombus; may result in myocardial infarction
embolus
Pathology; Signs and Symptoms: area of tissue within organ or part that undergoes necrosis (death) following loss of its blood supply
infarct
Pathology; Signs and Symptoms: localized and temporary deficiency of blood supply due to construction to circulation
ischemia
Pathology; Signs and Symptoms: a sound arising from blood flowing through the heart; may indicate heart abnormality
murmur
Pathology; Signs and Symptoms: sudden drop in blood pressure a person experiences when standing straight up suddenly
orthostatic hypotension
Pathology; Signs and Symptoms: pounding, racing heartbeats
palpitations
Pathology; Signs and Symptoms: yellow, fat deposit of lipids in artery that is hallmark of atherosclerosis; called an atheroma
plaque
Pathology; Signs and Symptoms: to flow backward; in cardiovascular system this refers to backflow of blood through a valve
regurgitation
Pathology; Signs and Symptoms: blood clot forming within blood vessels; may partially or completely occlude blood vessel
thrombus
Pathology; Heart: condition with severe pain with sensation of constriction around heart; caused by deficiency of oxygen to heart muscle; chest pain
angina pectoris
Pathology; Heart: complete stopping of heart activity
cardiac arrest
Pathology; Heart: pressure on heart as a result of fluid buildup around heart inside pericardial sac; heart becomes unable to pump blood effectively
cardiac tamponade
Pathology; Heart: enlarged heart
cardiomegaly
Pathology; Heart: general term for disease of myocardium; caused by alcohol abuse, parasites, viral infection, and heart failure; most common reasons patient need a heart transplant
cardiomyopathy
Pathology; Heart: hole in septum between two heart chambers; results in mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood; can be an atrial septal defect (ASD) and ventricular septal defect (VSD)
congenital septal defect (CSD)
Pathology; Heart: pathological condition of heart where there is reduced outflow of blood from left side of heart because left ventricle myocardium has become to weak to efficiently pump blood; results in weakness, breathlessness, and edema
congestive heart failure (CHF)
Pathology; Heart: insufficient blood supply to heart muscle due to obstruction of one or more coronary arteries; may be caused by atherosclerosis and may cause angina pectoris and myocardial infarction
coronary artery disease (CAD)
Pathology; Heart: inflammation of lining membranes of heart; due to bacteria or to abnormal immunological response; in bacterial endocarditis, mass of bacteria that forms is referred to as vegetation
endocarditis
Pathology; Heart: condition in which cusps or flaps of heart valve are loose and fail to shut tightly, allowing blood to flow backward through valve when heart chambers contract; heart valve incompetence or heart valve insufficiency
heart valve prolapse
Pathology; Heart: condition where cusps or flaps of heart valve are too stiff and unable to open fully
heart valve stenosis
Pathology; Heart: condition caused by partial or complete occlusion or closing of one or more of coronary arteries; squeezing pain or heavy pressure in middle of chest; referred to as heart attack
myocardial infarction
Pathology; Heart: inflammation of muscle layer of heart wall
myocarditis
Pathology; Heart: inflammation of pericardial sac around the heart
pericarditis
Pathology; Heart: combination of four congenital anomalies: pulmonary stenosis, interventricular septal defect, improper placement of aorta, and hypertrophy of right ventricle; need immediate surgery
tetralogy of Fallot
Pathology; Heart: inflammation of a heart valve
valvulitis
Pathology; Heart: irregularity in heartbeat or action; too fast, too slow, irregular
arrhythmia
Pathology; Heart: occurs when electrical impulse is blocked from traveling down bundle of His or bundle branches; results in ventricles beating at different rate than atria; heart block
bundle branch block
Pathology; Heart: condition of having a slow heart rate, typically less than 60 beats per minute; in highly trained aerobic people
bradycardia
Pathology; Heart: extremely serious arrhythmia characterized by abnormal quivering or contraction of heart fibers; cardiac arrest and death can occur; need emergency equipment to defibrillate heart are needed
fibrillation
Pathology; Heart: arrhythmia where atria beat too rapidly, but in a regular pattern
flutter
Pathology; Heart: arrhythmia where atria contract earlier than they should
premature atrial contraction
Pathology; Heart: arrhythmia where ventricles contract earlier than they should
premature ventricular contraction
Pathology; Heart: condition of having a fast heart rat, typically more than 11 beats/minute while at rest
tachycardia
Pathology; Blood Vessels: weakness in wall of artery resulting in localized widening of artery; common in aorta in abdomen and cerebral arteries in brain
aneurysm
Pathology; Heart: ruptured artery; may occur if aneurysm ruptured artery walls
anterior rhexis
Pathology; Blood Vessels: thickening, hardening and loss of elasticity of walls of arteries; most often due to atherosclerosis
ateriosclerosis
Pathology; Blood Vessels: deposit of fatty substance in wall of artery that bulges into and narrows lumen of artery; called a plaque
atheroma
Pathology; Blood Vessels: most common form of atherosclerosis; caused by formation of yellowish plaques of cholesterol on inner walls of arteries
atherosclerosis
Pathology; Blood Vessels: severe congenital narrowing of aorta
coarctation of the aorta (CoA)
Pathology; Blood Vessels: formation of blood clot in a vein deep in the body, most commonly legs; embolus breaking off from this thrombosis would travel to lungs and block blood flow through lungs
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
Pathology; Blood Vessels: varicose veins in anal region
hemorrhoid
Pathology; Blood Vessels: blood pressure above normal range
hypertension
Pathology; Blood Vessels: decrease in blood pressure (BP); can occur in shock, infection, cancer, anemia, or as death approaches
hypotension
Pathology; Blood Vessels: congenital heart anomaly in which fetal connection between pulmonary artery and aorta fails to close at birth
patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
Pathology; Blood Vessels: any abnormal condition affecting blood vessels outside heart; symptoms include pain, pallor, numbness, and loss of circulation and pulse
peripheral vascular disease
Pathology; Blood Vessels: inflammation of a vein
phlebitis
Pathology; Blood Vessels: inflammation of several arteries
polyarteritis
Pathology; Blood Vessels: periodic ischemic attacks affecting extremities of body, especially fingers, toes, ears, adn nose; brought on by arterial constriction due to extreme cold or emotional stress
Raynaud’s phenomenon
Pathology; Blood Vessels: inflammation of vein resulting in formation of blood clots within vein
thrombophlebitis
Pathology; Blood Vessels: swollen and distended veins, usually in legs
varicose veins
Diagnostic Procedures; Medical Procedures: process of listening to sounds within body by using a stethoscope
auscultation
Diagnostic Procedures; Medical Procedures: instrument for measuring blood pressure; blood pressure cuff
sphygmomanometer
Diagnostic Procedures; Medical Procedures: instrument for listening to body sounds (auscultation), such as chest, heart or intestines
stethoscope
Diagnostic Procedures; Clinical Laboratory Tests: blood test to determine level of proteins specific to heart muscle in blood; increase in these proteins may indicate heart muscle damage;
cardiac biomarkers
Diagnostic Procedures; Clinical Laboratory Tests: blood test to measure amount of cholesterol and triglycerides in blood; indicator of atherosclerosis risk
serum lipoprotein level
Diagnostic Procedures; Diagnostic Imaging: x-ray record of vessel taken during angiography
angiogram
Diagnostic Procedures; Diagnostic Imaging: x-rays taken after injection of opaque material into blood vessel
angiography
Diagnostic Procedures; Clinical Laboratory Tests: patient is given radioactive thallium intravenously and then scanning equipment is used to visualize heart; especially useful to determine myocardial damage
cardiac scan
Diagnostic Procedures; Diagnostic Imaging: : measurement of sound-wave echoes as they bounce off tissues and organs to produce an image; used to measure velocity of blood moving through blood vessels to look for blood clots or deep vein thromboses
Doppler ultrasonography
Diagnostic Procedures; Diagnostic Imaging: noninvasive diagnostic procedure using ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structures; cardiac valve activity can be evaluated
echocardiography
Diagnostic Procedures; Cardiac Function Test: passage of thin-tube catheter through blood vessel leading to heart; done to detect abnormalities, to collect cardiac blood samples, and to determine blood pressure within heart
cardiac catheterization (CC,cath)
Diagnostic Procedures; Cardiac Function Test: flexible tube inserted in body to move fluids in our out of the body; used to place dye into blood vessels to visualize x-rays
catheter
Diagnostic Procedures; Cardiac Function Test: hardcopy record produced by electrocardiography
electrocardiogram (EKG, ECG)
Diagnostic Procedures; Cardiac Function Test: process of recording electrical activity of heart; useful in diagnosis of abnormal cardiac rhythm and heart muscle damage
electrocardiography
Diagnostic Procedures; Cardiac Function Test: portable ECG monitor worn by patient for a few hours to few days to assess heart and pulse activity during daily living; used for patient with chest pain and unusual heart activity during exercise and normal activities
Holter monitor
Diagnostic Procedures; Cardiac Function Test: method for evaluating cardiovascular fitness; patient is put on treadmill or bike and steadily increases work; exercise test or treadmill test
stress testing
Therapeutic Procedures; Medical Procedures: procedure to restore cardiac output and oxygenated air to lungs for person in cardiac arrest; chest compressions and respiration is performed by CPR trained rescuers
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
Therapeutic Procedures; Medical Procedures: converts serious irregular heartbeats, such as fibrillation, by giving electric shocks to heart using defibrillator
defibrillation
Therapeutic Procedures; Medical Procedures: during open heart surgery, routing of blood to heart-lung machine so it can be oxygenated and pumped to rest of body
extracorporeal circulation
Therapeutic Procedures; Medical Procedures: device implanted in heart that delivers electrical shock to restore normal heart rhythm; used for people who have ventricular fibrillation
implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)
Therapeutic Procedures; Medical Procedures: electrical device that substitutes for natural pacemaker of heart; controls beating of heart by rhythmic electrical impulses
pacemaker implantation
Therapeutic Procedures; Medical Procedures: medical treatment for varicose veins; injection of solution directly into varicose vein; irritates lining of vessel, causing it to collapse and stick together
sclerotherapy
Therapeutic Procedures; Medical Procedures: process where drug (streptokinase SK) or tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) are injected into blood vessel to dissolve clots and restore blood flow
thrombolytic therapy
Therapeutic Procedures; Surgical Procedures: surgical removal of sac of an aneurysm
aneurysmectomy
Therapeutic Procedures; Surgical Procedures: surgical joining together of two arteries; performed if artery is severed or if damaged section of artery is removed
arterial anostomosis
Therapeutic Procedures; Surgical Procedures: surgical procedure to remove deposit of fatty substance, atheroma, from artery
atherectomy
Therapeutic Procedures; Surgical Procedures: open-heart surgery in which blood vessel from another location in body (normally leg vein) is grafted to route blood around blocked coronary artery
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
Therapeutic Procedures; Surgical Procedures: removal of embolus or clot from blood vessel
embolectomy
Therapeutic Procedures; Surgical Procedures: removal of diseased or damaged inner lining of artery; usually performed to remove atherosclerotic plaques
endarterectomy
Therapeutic Procedures; Surgical Procedures: replacement of diseased or malfunctioning heart with donor’s heart
heart transplantation
Therapeutic Procedures; Surgical Procedures: placement of stent within coronary artery to treat coronary ischemia due to atherosclerosis
intracoronary artery stent
Therapeutic Procedures; Surgical Procedures: surgical treatment for varicose veins; damaged vein is tied off and removed
ligation and stripping
Therapeutic Procedures; Surgical Procedures: method for treating localized coronary artery narrowing; balloon catheter is inserted through skin into coronary artery and inflated to dilate narrow blood vessel
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
Therapeutic Procedures; Surgical Procedures: stainless steel placed within blood vessel or duct to widen lumen
stent
Therapeutic Procedures; Surgical Procedures: removal of diseased heart valve and replacement with artificial valve
valve replacement
Therapeutic Procedures; Surgical Procedures: surgical procedure to repair a heart valve
valvoplasty
Pharmacology: produce vasodilation and decrease blood pressure (ex. benazepril, Lotensin, captopril, Capoten)
ACE inhibitor drugs
Pharmacology: reduces or prevents cardiac arrhythmias (ex. flecainide, Tambocor; ibutilide, Corvert)
antiarrhythmic
Pharmacology: prevents blood clot formation (ex. heparin, warfarin, Coumadin)
antiocoagulant
Pharmacology: reduces amount of cholesterol and lipids in bloodstream; treats hyperlipidemia (ex. atorvastatin, Lipitor; simvastatin, Zocor)
antilipidemic
Pharmacology: inhibit ability of platelets to clump together as part of blood clot (ex. clopidogrel, Plavix; aspirin; ticlopidine, Ticlid)
antiplatelet agents
Pharmacology: treat hypertension and angina pectoris by lowering heart rate (ex. metoprolol, Lopressor; propranolol, Ticlid)
beta-blocker drugs
Pharmacology: treat hypertension, angina, pectoris, and congestive heart failure by causing heart to beat less forcefully and less often (Ex. diltiazem, Cardizem; nifedipine, Procardia)
calcium channel blocker drugs
Pharmacology: increase force of cardiac muscle contraction; treats congestive heart failure (ex. digoxin, Lanoxin)
cardiotonic
Pharmacology: increase urine production by kidneys, which works to reduce plasma and therefore blood volume, resulting in lower blood pressure (ex. furosemide, Lasix)
diuretic
Pharmacology: dissolves existing blood clots (ex. tissue plasminogen activator (tPA); alteplase, Activase
fibrinolytic
Pharmacology: relaxes smooth muscle in walls of arteries, thereby increasing diameter of blood vessel; used to increase circulation to ischemic area and reduce blood pressure (ex. nitroglycerin, Nitro-Dur; hydralazine, Apresoline)
vasodilator
