Chapter 6: Blood Flashcards
Pathology: condition of having too few white blood cells
leukopenia
Pathology: condition of having too few platelets
thrombocytopenia
Pathology: condition of having too high a level of lipids such as cholesterol in bloodstream; risk factor for developing atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease
hyperlipidemia
Pathology: general term for indicating presence of a disease affecting blood
dyscrasia
Pathology: condition of having too many white blood cells
leukocytosis
Pathology: genetic disorder in which erythrocytes take on abnormal curved or sickle shape; cells are fragile and are easily damaged, leading to hemolytic anemia
sickle cell anemia
Diagnostic Procedure: incision into vein to remove blood for diagnostic test; venipuncture
phlebotomy
Pathology: blood flowing out of blood vessel; bleeding
hemorrhage
Diagnostic Procedure: determines number of platelets in given volume of blood
platelet count
Therapeutic Procedure: procedure for collecting and storing patient’s own blood several weeks to prior to actual need; can be used to replace blood lost during surgical procedure
autologous transfusion
Pharmacology: given patient a second drug to boost effect of another drug; total strength of drugs is greater than sum of strength of individual drugs
potentiation
Pathology: anemia resulting from having insufficient hemoglobin in erythrocytes; named because hemoglobin molecule is responsible for dark red color of erythrocytes
hypochromic anemia
Pathology: hard collection of fibrin, blood cells, and tissue debris that is end result of hemostasis or blood-clotting process; blood clot
thrombus
Diagnostic Procedure: determines number of each variety of leukocytes in volume of blood
white blood cell differential (diff)
Drugs: increases number of erythrocytes or amount of hemoglobin in blood (ex. epoetin alfa, Procrit; darbepoetin alfa, Aranesp)
hematinic
Pathology: branch of medicine specializing in treatment of diseases and conditions of blood
hematology
Pathology: anemia that develops as result of destruction of erythrocytes
hemolytic anemia
Therapeutic Procedure: replacement of blood by transfusion of blood received from another person
homologous transfustion
Diagnostic Procedure: determines disease such as sickle cell anemia through examination of specimen of blood for abnormalities in shape of erythrocytes
red blood cell morphology
Pathology: cancer located in red bone marrow tissue responsible for producing white blood cells; results in large number of abnormal and immature leukocytes circulating in bloodstream
leukemia
Pathology: severe form of anemia that develops as a consequence of loss of functioning red bone marrow; results in decrease in number of all formed elements; may eventually require bone marrow transplant
aplastic anemia
Diagnostic Procedure: indicates blood’s coagulation abilities by measuring how long it takes for a clot to form after prothrombin has been activated
prothrombin time (pro-time, PT)
Pathology: large group of conditions characterized by reduction in number of red blood cells or amount of hemoglobin in blood; results in less oxygen reaching tissues
anemia
Diagnostic Procedure: blood test to measure volume of red blood cells (erythrocytes) within total volume of blood
hematocrit (HCT, Hct, crit)
Pharmacology: sum of action of two or more drugs given; total strength of medications is equal to sum of strength of each individual drug
additive
Diagnostic Procedure: measures number of leukocytes in blood
white blood cell count (WBC)
Diagnostic Procedure: removed by aspiration with a need, sample of bone marrow is examined for diseases
bone marrow aspiration
Pathology: having too few of all cells
pancytopenia
Pathology: genetic disorder in which body is unable to make functioning hemoglobin, resulting in anemia
thalassemia
Drugs: able to dissolve existing blood clots (ex. alteplase, Activase,tissue plasminogen activator; Tenecteplase)
fibrinolytic
Diagnostic Procedure: blood test to determine rate mature blood cells settle out of blood after addition of anticoagulant; indicated presence of inflammatory disease
erythrocytes sedimentation rate
Drugs: prevents blood clot formation; blood thinner (ex. heparin, HepLock; warfarin, Coumadin)
anticoagulant
Pathology: having bacteria or their toxins in bloodstream; blood poisoning
septicemia
Therapeutic Procedure: patient refuses red bone marrow from donor after patient’s own bone marrow has been destroyed by radiation or chemotherapy
bone marrow transplant
Therapeutic Procedure: method of removing plasma from body without depleting formed elements; whole blood is removed and cells and plasma are separated; cells are returned to patient along with donor plasma transfusion
plasmapheresis
Pathology: collection of blood under skin as result of blood escaping into tissue from damaged blood vessel; a bruise
hematoma
Pathology: anemia associated with insufficient absorption of Vitamin B12, by digestive system
pernicious anemia (PA)
Pathology: anemia resulting from not having sufficient iron to manufacture hemoglobin
iron-deficiency anemia
Therapeutic Procedure: transfusion of a mixture of both plasma and formed elements
whole blood
Pharmacology: occurs when effect of one drug is altered because it was taken at the same time as another drug
drug interaction
Diagnostic Procedure: combination of blood tests including red blood cell count (RBC), white blood cells count (WBC), hemoglobin (Hgb), hematocrit (Hct), white blood cells differential, and platelet count
complete blood count (CBC)
Diagnostic Procedure: automated machine that analyzes different characteristics of blood specimen, such as complete blood count, erythrocytes sedimentation rate, and blood-clotting tests
blood analyzer
Pathology: type of leukemia in which abnormal white blood cells are lymphocytes; may be acute or chronic
myeloid leukemia
Pharmacology: condition in which particular drug should not be used
contraindication
Pathology: condition of having too few red blood cells
erythropenia
Diagnostic Procedure: sample of blood is incubated in laboratory to check for bacterial growth; tested to determine to which antibiotics they are sensitive
blood culture and sensitivity (C&S)
Pathology: destruction of patient’s erythrocytes that occurs when receiving a transfusion of incompatible blood type; transfusion reaction
hemolytic reaction
Therapeutic Procedure: transfusion in which most of plasma, leukocytes, and platelets have been removed, leaving only erythrocytes
packed red cells
Pathology: to convert a liquid to a gel or solid
coagulate
Diagnostic Procedure: blood test to measure amount of hemoglobin present in volume of blood
hemoglobin (Hgb, Hb)
Pathology: hereditary blood disease where blood-clotting time is prolonged due to lack of one vital clotting factor; transmitted by sex-linked trait from female to male
hemophilia
Pathology: condition of having too many red blood cells
erythrocytosis
Pathology: condition of having too many platelets
thrombocytosis
Pathology: production of too many red blood cells by bone marrow; blood vessels become too thick to easily flow through blood vessels
polycythemia vera
Therapeutic Procedure: artificial transfer of blood into bloodstream
blood transfusion
Drugs: interferes with action of platelets; prolongs bleeding time; used to prevent heart attacks and strokes (ex. clopidogrel, Plavix; ticlopidine; Ticlid)
antiplatelet agents
Drugs: prevents or stops hemorrhaging; hemostatic agent (ex. aminocaproic acid, Amicar; vitamin K)
antihemorrhagic
Diagnostic Procedure: determines number of erythrocytes in volume of blood; decrease in red blood cells may indicate anemia; increase may indicate polycythemia
red blood cell count (RBC)
The parts of the blood that transports gases, nutrients, and wastes to all areas of the body.
red blood cells and plasma
The part of the blood that fights infection and disease.
white blood cells
The part of the blood that initiates the blood-clotting process.
platelets
What are the primary components that comprise blood?
plasma
blood cells: erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
How much blood does the average adult have?
about 5 liters
What is the process that produces blood cells called?
hematopoiesis
** The plasma protein that helps transport fatty substances that can’t dissolve in the watery plasma
albumin
The plasma globulin that acts as an antibody
gamma globulin
The waste product disposed of by the liver.
bilirubin
A laboratory test determines if the donated blood is compatible with the recipient’s blood.
blood typing
The type of immunity that is not specific to any disease and does not require exposure to pathogenic agent.
natural (innate) immunity
When a person receives protective substances produced by another human or animal
passive acquired immunity
The immunity that develops after direct exposure to a pathogen.
active acquired immunity
infection acquired through hospital exposure (also called healthcare-associated infection
nosocomial infection
Type of nosocomial infection that occurs when a person acquires a pathogen from another patient or healthcare worker.
cross infection
Type of nosocomial infection that takes place when patient becomes infected again with the same pathogen that brought them to the hospital in the first place.
reinfection
Type of nosocomial infection that occurs when a person becomes infected in a different part of the body by a pathogen from another part of his or her own body
self-inoculation
Small organs made of lymphatic tissue that house lymphocytes and antibodies that remove pathogens and cell debris from lymph.
- also trap and destroy cells from cancerous tumors
Lymph nodes
A collection of lymphatic tissue located on each side of the throat
- acts as filters to protect the body from invasion of pathogens
Tonsils
Located in the upper left quadrant and consists of lymphatic tissue that is highly infiltrated with blood vessels
- destroys old blood vessels, recycles the iron, and stores some of the blood supply
Spleen
