Chapter 4: Skeletal System Flashcards
How many bones are in the skeletal system?
206 bones
What does the skeletal system do?
supports the body, protects organs, and is point of muscle attachment, produces blood cells, stores minerals
What does the skeleton do?
protects organs and stores minerals
What does bone marrow in the bones produce?
blood cells
What is the place where two bones meet called?
a joint
What are joints held together by?
ligaments (gives flexibility to the skeleton)
What process are bones formed through?
ossification
Which bones are longer than they are wide?
long bones
ex. femur and humerus
Which bones are as long as they are wide?
short bones
ex. carpals and tarsals
Which bones are plate-shaped?
flat bones
ex. pelvis, sternum
Which bones are shaped very irregular?
irregular bones
ex. vertebrae
What does yellow bone cells mostly consist of?
fat cells
What are the bones projections and depressions called?
processes
The large, smooth, ball-shaped end on a long bone.
the head
The smooth, rounded portion at the end of a bone.
a condyle
A projection located on or above a condyle.
the epicondyle
A large rough process for the attachment of a muscle.
the trochanter
A small, rough process that provides the attachment for tendons and muscles.
a tubercle
A large, rough process that provides the attachment for tendons and muscles.
a tuberosity
A hollow cavity within a bone.
sinus
A smooth, round opening for nerves and blood vessels.
foramen
A shallow cavity or depression on the surface of a bone.
fossa
A slit-type opening
fissure
The skeleton division that contains the bones of the head, neck, spine, chest, and trunk.
the axial skeleton
What does the skull protect?
brain, eyes, ears, nasal cavity, oral cavity
A single U-shaped bone in the neck between the mandible and larynx.
the hyoid bone
The part of the body that consists of the vertebral column, sternum, and rib cage.
the trunk
The first 10 pairs of ribs attached to the sternum in the front are known as?
true ribs
The inferior 2 pairs of ribs that are not attached to the sternum are known as?
floating ribs
What upper extremities are included in the arm?
humerus, ulna, radius, carpus, metacarpus, and phalanges
What does the lower extremities (leg) consist of?
femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsus, metatarsus, and phalanges
The place where two bones meet (also called an articulation).
a joint
The freely moving joint
ball and socket
most common type
contain a capsule lined with lubricant-secreting synovial membrane
ex. hand
the synovial joint
joint allows for slight movement
hold bones in place with cartilage
ex. pubic symphysis
the cartilaginous joint
joint allows almost no movement
thick fibrous tissue that can fuse into bone
ex. sutures of skull
the fibrous joint
Medical Specialties: healthcare profession with diagnosis and treatment of conditions of spine
chiropractic
Medical Specialties: specializing in treatment of musculoskeletal system
orthopedics
Medical Specialties: specializing in making orthopedic appliances like braces and splints
orthotics
Medical Specialties: specialize in diagnosis and treatment of disorders of feet and legs
podiatry
Medical Specialties: specialize in making artificial body parts
prosthetics
Medical Specialities: specialize in treatment of autoimmune conditions affecting joints, muscles, and bones
rheumatology
Signs and Symptoms: joint pain
arthralgia
Signs and Symptoms: inflammation of bursa
bursitis
Signs and Symptoms: mass of bone tissue that forms at fracture site during its healing
callus
Signs and Symptoms: softening of cartillage
chondormalacia
Signs and Symptoms: noise produced by bones rubbing together
crepitation
Signs and Symptoms: bone pain
ostealgia
Signs and Symptoms: inflammation of synovial membrane
synovitis
Fractures: facture where there is no open skin wound
closed fracture
Fractures: common type of wrist fracture
colles’ fracture
Fractures: bone is shattered, splintered, or crushed
comminuted fracture
Fractures: bone has broken through skin
compound fracture
Fractures: involves loss of height of a vertebral body; may result in trauma
compression fracture
broken bone
fracture
Fracture: incomplete break; one side is broken and other side is bent
greenstick fracture
Fractures: bone fragments are pushed into each other
impacted fracture
Fractures: fracture at an angle to bone
oblique fracture
Fractures: caused by disease or weakened bone
pathologic fracture
Fractures: fracture line spirals around shaft of bone; twisting injury
spiral fracture
Fractures: slight fracture caused by repetitive, low-impact forces like running
stress fracture
Fractures: complete fracture that is straight across bone at right angles to long axis of bone
transverse fracture
Bones: tumor, usually benign, that forms in cartilage
chondroma
Bones: malignant growth found in shaft of long bones that spreads through periosteum
Ewing’s sarcoma
Bones: bony, outward projection from surface of bone
exostosis
Bones: tumor that forms in bone marrow tissue
myeloma
Bones: tumor, usually benign, that consists of both bone and cartilage tissue
osteochondroma
Bones: most common type of bone cancer, usually begins in osteocytes found at ends of long bones
osteogenic sarcoma
Bones: tumor found in bone tissue
osteoma
Bones: softening of bones caused by calcium deficiency
osteomalacia
Bones: inflammation of bone and bone marrow
osteomyelitis
Bones: general term for bone disease
osteopathy
Bones: decrease in bone mass producing a thinning and weakening of bone with resulting fractures
osteoporosis
Bones: metabolic disease of bone from unknown causes; attacks middle-age and older adults
Paget’s disease
Bones: deficiency in calcium and vitamin d found in early childhood that results in bone deformities, especially bowed legs
rickets
Spinal Column: inflammatory spinal condition resembling rheumatoid arthritis and results in gradual stiffening and fusion of vertebrae
ankylosing spondylitis
Spinal Column: herniation or protrusion of intervertebral disk
herniated nucleus pulposus
Spinal Column: abnormal increase in outward curvature of thoracic spine; hunchback
kyphosis
Spinal Column: abnormal increase in forward curvature of lumbar spine; swayback
lordosis
Spinal Column: abnormal lateral curvature of spine
scoliosis
Spinal Column: occurring when vertebra fails to fully form around spinal cord
spina bifida
Spinal Column: narrowing of spinal canal causing pressure on cord and nerves
spinal stenosis
Spinal Column: forward sliding of lumbar vertebra over vertebra below it
spondylolisthesis
Spinal Column: refers to ankylosing of spine, but commonly used in reference to any degenerative condition of vertebral column
spondylosis
Spinal Column: cervical muscle and ligament sprain or strain as a result of a sudden movement of head and neck
whiplash
Joints: inflammation of bursa of first metatarsophalangeal joint
bunion
Joints: when bones in a joint are displaced from normal alignment and ends of bone are no longer in contact
dislocation
Joints: type of arthritis presenting as pain and swelling; caused by high acid blood level
gout
Joints: arthritis resulting in degeneration of bones and joints
osteoarthritis
Joints: pain and swelling in bursa located between patella and skin ; commonly seen in people who kneel often
prepatellar bursitis
Joints: chronic form of arthritis with inflammation of joints, swelling, stiffness, pain, and changes in cartilage
rheumatoid arthritis
Joints: damage to ligaments surrounding a joint due to overstretching
sprain
Joint: incomplete dislocation; joint alignment is disrupted
subluxation
Joint: chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of connective tissue affecting many systems that may include joint pain and arthritis
systemic lupus erythematosus
Joint: congenital deformity causing misalignment of ankle joint and foot; clubfoot
talipes
Diagnostic Imaging: x-ray record of a joint, usually taken after joint has been injected by contrast medium
arthrogram
Diagnostic Imaging: process of x-raying a joint, usually after injection of contrast medium into joint space
arhrography
Diagnostic Imaging: nuclear medicine procedure where patient is given radioactive dye and scanning is used to visualize bone
bone scan
Diagnostic Imaging: measurement of bone density using low-dose x-ray for purpose of detecting osteoporosis
dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
Diagnostic Imaging: x-ray record of spinal column after injection of opaque dye
myelogram
Diagnostic Imaging: study of spinal column after injecting opaque contrast material
myelography
Diagnostic Imaging: image produced by x-ray striking photographic film
radiograph
Diagnostic Imaging: diagnostic imaging procedure using x-rays to study internal structure of body; especially useful for visualizing bones and joints
radiography
Endoscopic Procedures: instrument used to view inside joint
arthroscope
Endoscopic Procedures: examination of interior of joint by entering joint with arthroscope
arthroscopy
Therapeutic Procedures: Medical Treatments; insertion of needle into joint cavity in order to remove fluid
arthrocentesis
Therapeutic Procedures: Medical Treatments; orthopedic appliance (brace or splint) used to prevent or correct deformities
orthotic
Therapeutic Procedures: Prosthesis; artificial device used as substitute for body part
prosthesis
Therapeutic Procedures: Surgical Procedures; partial or complete removal of a limb
amputation
Therapeutic Procedures: Surgical Procedures; forcibly break loose a fused joint while patient is under anesthetic
arthroclasia
Therapeutic Procedures: Surgical Procedures; procedure to stabilize a joint by fusing bones together
arthrodesis
Therapeutic Procedures: Surgical Procedures; performing a surgical procedure while using an arthroscope to view internal structure (joint)
arthroscopic surgery
Therapeutic Procedures: Surgical Procedures; surgical procedure that cuts into joint capsule
arthrotomy
Therapeutic Procedures: Surgical Procedures; piece of bone taken from patient used to to the place of removed bone or bony defect at another site
bone graft
Therapeutic Procedures: Surgical Procedures; removal of bursa at joint of great toe
bunionectomy
Therapeutic Procedures: Surgical Procedures; surgical removal of bursa
bursectomy
Therapeutic Procedures: Surgical Procedures; surgical removal of cartilage
chondrectomy
Therapeutic Procedures: Surgical Procedures; surgical repair of cartilage
chondroplaty
Therapeutic Procedures: Surgical Procedures; surgical procedure that cuts into skull
craniotomy
Therapeutic Procedures: Surgical Procedures; removal of vertebral posterior arch to correct severe back problems
laminectomy
Therapeutic Procedures: Surgical Procedures; surgical procedure involving intentional breaking of bone to correct deformity
osteoclasia
Therapeutic Procedures: Surgical Procedures; instrument used to cut bone
osteotome
Therapeutic Procedures: Surgical Procedures; surgical procedure that cuts into bone
osteotomy
Therapeutic Procedures: Surgical Procedures; thin catheter tube inserted in vertebral disk through skin and herniated or ruptured disk material is sucked out
percutaneous discectomy
Therapeutic Procedures: Surgical Procedures; surgical immobilization of adjacent vertebrae
spinal fusion
Therapeutic Procedures: Surgical Procedures; surgical removal of synovial membrane
synovectomy
Therapeutic Procedures: Surgical Procedures; surgical reconstruction of hip by implanting prosthetic or artificial hip joint
total hip arthroplasty
Therapeutic Procedures: Surgical Procedures; surical reconstruction of knee joint
total knee arthroplasty
Therapeutic Procedures: Fracture Care; solid material to immobilize extremity or potion of body; may be made of plaster
cast
Therapeutic Procedures: Fracture Care; stabilize fracture bone while it heals; pins, rods, screws
fixation
Therapeutic Procedures: Fracture Care; correcting fracture by realigning bone fragments
reduction
Therapeutic Procedures: Fracture Care; applying pulling force on fracture or dislocated limb to restore normal alignment
traction
