Chapter 7 Psychology 175.102 Flashcards
Verbal representations
Information stored in words
Sensory representations
Information stored in a sensory mode, such as the sound of a dog barking or the image of the city skyline.
Information processing
Stimulus
Sensory registers
Short-term memory (STM)
Long-term memory (LTM)
Sensory registers
Hold information about the perceived stimulus for approximately half a second after the stimulus disappears, allowing a mental representation of it to remain in memory briefly for further processing.
Short-term memory
And then we store that holds a small amount of information in consciousness for roughly 20 to 30 seconds, unless the person makes a deliberate effort to maintain it longer by repeating it over and over.
Rehearsal
Repeating information over and over in your mind
Long-term memory
Holds important information, representations of facts, images, thoughts, feelings, skills and experiences may reside for as long as a lifetime.
Serial position effect
A tendency to remember information towards the beginning and end of the list rather than in the middle.
Models in long-term memory
Discrete but interdependent processing units responsible for different kinds of remembering.
Working memory
Refers to the temporary storage and processing of information that can be used to solve problems, respond to environmental demands or achieve goals.
Declarative memory
Memory for facts and events, much of which can be stated or declared.
Procedural memory
Refers to ‘how to’ knowledge of procedures or skills.
Semantic memory
Refers to general world knowledge or facts, such as the knowledge that winters are cold.
Generic memory
A new term for semantic memory
Episodic memory
Consists of memories of particular events, rather than general knowledge. Episodic memory allows people to travel mentally through time, to remember thoughts and feelings from the recent or distant past, or to imagine the future.
Explicit memory
Conscious recollection, such as memorising wordlists, nonsense syllables or connections between pairs of words and then being asked to recall them.
Implicit memory
Memory that is expressed in behaviour but does not require conscious recollection, such as tying shoelace.
Recall
Recall is a spontaneous conscious recollection of information from long term memory
Recognition
Recognition refers to the explicit sense or recollection that something currently perceived has been previously encountered or learned.
Everyday memory
Everyday memory refers to memory as it occurs in daily life.
Prospective memory
Memory for things that need to be done in the future.
Retrospective memory
Memories of things from the past
Encoding
For information to be retrievable from memory, it must be encoded, or cast into a representational form, or code, they can be readily accessed.
Retrieval cues
Stimuli or thoughts that can be used to facilitate recollection
Mnemonic devices
Systematic strategies for remembering information
Method of Loci
Uses visual imagery as a memory aid
Networks of Association
Clusters of interconnected information
Node
Each individual piece of information along a network.
Spreading activation theory
According to this activating one node in a network triggers activation in closely related nodes.
Schemas
Schemas are patterns of thought, or organised knowledge structures, get render the environment relatively predictable.
Flashbulb memories
Vivid memories of exciting or highly consequential events
Decay theory
Explains forgetting as a result of a fading memory trace
Interference theory
The intrusion of similar memories of each other, as when students confused two theories they learned around the same time or two similar sounding words in a foreign language.
Proactive interference
Refers to the interference of previously stored memories with the retrieval of new information, is when a person calls a romantic partner by the name of an old one.
Retroactive interference
New information interferes with retrieval of old information, as when people have difficulty recalling phone number from past residences.
Motivated forgetting
Forgetting for a reason
Anterograde amnesia
Involves the inability to retain new memories
Retrograde amnesia
Involves losing memories from a period before the time that person’s brain was damaged
