Chapter 7 Psychology 175.102

Question 0

Verbal representations

Answer 0

Information stored in words

Question 1

Sensory representations

Answer 1

Information stored in a sensory mode, such as the sound of a dog barking or the image of the city skyline.

Question 2

Information processing

Answer 2

Stimulus
Sensory registers
Short-term memory (STM)
Long-term memory (LTM)

Question 3

Sensory registers

Answer 3

Hold information about the perceived stimulus for approximately half a second after the stimulus disappears, allowing a mental representation of it to remain in memory briefly for further processing.

Question 4

Short-term memory

Answer 4

And then we store that holds a small amount of information in consciousness for roughly 20 to 30 seconds, unless the person makes a deliberate effort to maintain it longer by repeating it over and over.

Question 5

Rehearsal

Answer 5

Repeating information over and over in your mind

Question 6

Long-term memory

Answer 6

Holds important information, representations of facts, images, thoughts, feelings, skills and experiences may reside for as long as a lifetime.

Question 7

Serial position effect

Answer 7

A tendency to remember information towards the beginning and end of the list rather than in the middle.

Question 8

Models in long-term memory

Answer 8

Discrete but interdependent processing units responsible for different kinds of remembering.

Question 9

Working memory

Answer 9

Refers to the temporary storage and processing of information that can be used to solve problems, respond to environmental demands or achieve goals.

Question 10

Declarative memory

Answer 10

Memory for facts and events, much of which can be stated or declared.

Question 11

Procedural memory

Answer 11

Refers to ‘how to’ knowledge of procedures or skills.

Question 12

Semantic memory

Answer 12

Refers to general world knowledge or facts, such as the knowledge that winters are cold.

Question 13

Generic memory

Answer 13

A new term for semantic memory

Question 14

Episodic memory

Answer 14

Consists of memories of particular events, rather than general knowledge. Episodic memory allows people to travel mentally through time, to remember thoughts and feelings from the recent or distant past, or to imagine the future.

Question 15

Explicit memory

Answer 15

Conscious recollection, such as memorising wordlists, nonsense syllables or connections between pairs of words and then being asked to recall them.

Question 16

Implicit memory

Answer 16

Memory that is expressed in behaviour but does not require conscious recollection, such as tying shoelace.

Question 17

Recall

Answer 17

Recall is a spontaneous conscious recollection of information from long term memory

Question 18

Recognition

Answer 18

Recognition refers to the explicit sense or recollection that something currently perceived has been previously encountered or learned.

Question 19

Everyday memory

Answer 19

Everyday memory refers to memory as it occurs in daily life.

Question 20

Prospective memory

Answer 20

Memory for things that need to be done in the future.

Question 21

Retrospective memory

Answer 21

Memories of things from the past

Question 22

Encoding

Answer 22

For information to be retrievable from memory, it must be encoded, or cast into a representational form, or code, they can be readily accessed.

Question 23

Retrieval cues

Answer 23

Stimuli or thoughts that can be used to facilitate recollection

Question 24

Mnemonic devices

Answer 24

Systematic strategies for remembering information

Question 25

Method of Loci

Answer 25

Uses visual imagery as a memory aid

Question 26

Networks of Association

Answer 26

Clusters of interconnected information

Question 27

Node

Answer 27

Each individual piece of information along a network.

Question 28

Spreading activation theory

Answer 28

According to this activating one node in a network triggers activation in closely related nodes.

Question 29

Schemas

Answer 29

Schemas are patterns of thought, or organised knowledge structures, get render the environment relatively predictable.

Question 30

Flashbulb memories

Answer 30

Vivid memories of exciting or highly consequential events

Question 31

Decay theory

Answer 31

Explains forgetting as a result of a fading memory trace

Question 32

Interference theory

Answer 32

The intrusion of similar memories of each other, as when students confused two theories they learned around the same time or two similar sounding words in a foreign language.

Question 33

Proactive interference

Answer 33

Refers to the interference of previously stored memories with the retrieval of new information, is when a person calls a romantic partner by the name of an old one.

Question 34

Retroactive interference

Answer 34

New information interferes with retrieval of old information, as when people have difficulty recalling phone number from past residences.

Question 35

Motivated forgetting

Answer 35

Forgetting for a reason

Question 36

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 36

Involves the inability to retain new memories

Question 37

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 37

Involves losing memories from a period before the time that person’s brain was damaged