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175.102 Psychology as a Natural Science > Chapter 3 Psychology 175.102 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Psychology 175.102 Flashcards

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0
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Transmit information from the sensory cells called receptors to the brain.

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1
Q

Neurons

A

Basic units of the nervous system

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2
Q

Interneurons

A

Nerve cells that connect other neurons with one another.

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3
Q

Motor neurons

A

Transmit commands from interneurons to the glands and muscles of the body.

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4
Q

Anatomy of a neuron

A 
Dendrites
Cell body
Axon
Myelin sheath
Terminal buttons
Synapses
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5
Q

Glutamate

A

Neurotransmitter that can excite nearly every neuron in the nervous system

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6
Q

GABA

A

Neurotransmitter that play an inhibitory role.

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7
Q

Dopamine

A

Neurotransmitter involved in thought, feeling, motivation, and behaviour

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8
Q

Serotonin

A

Neurotransmitter involved in regulation of mood, sleep, eating, arousal and pain.

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9
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory.

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10
Q

Endorphins

A

Neurotransmitter that elevates mood and reduces pain.

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11
Q

Endocrine system

A

A collection of glands that secrete chemicals, called hormones, directly into the bloodstream.

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12
Q

Pituitary gland

A

An oval structure in the brain often called the master gland because it stimulates and regulates other glands

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13
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Located in the neck, releases hormones that control growth and metabolism

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14
Q

Adrenal gland

A

Located in the kidneys. Secretes adrenaline and other hormones during emergencies.

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15
Q

Pancreas

A

Located near the stomach, produces hormones that control blood-sugar levels

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16
Q

Gonads

A

Glands that influence sexual development and behaviour.

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17
Q

Testosterone

A

Male hormone of the gonads

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18
Q

Estrogens

A

Female hormone of the gonads

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19
Q

Central nervous system

A

Consists of brain and spinal cord

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20
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Consists of neurons that convey messages to and from the CNS.
Somatic nervous system & Autonomic nervous system

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21
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Transmits sensory information to the central nervous system and carries out its commands

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22
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Conveys information to and from internal bodily structures that carry out basic life support such as digestion and respiration.
Includes Sympathetic nervous system & Parasympathetic nervous system.

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23
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Activated in response to threats.

24
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Supports the more mundane activities such as regulating blood-sugar, saliva, and eliminating wastes.

25
Q

Three parts of the Brain

A
  1. Hindbrain
  2. Midbrain
  3. Forebrain
26
Q

Hindbrain

A

Medulla oblongata (medulla)
Cerebellum
Parts of reticular formation
Pons

27
Q

Medulla

A

The extension of the spinal cord to the brain. Essential to life, controlling vital functions such as heartbeat, circulation and respiration

28
Q

Cerebellum

A

Large structure at back of brain involved in movement as well as other functions.

29
Q

Reticular formation

A

Major function is to control consciousness, regulate arousal levels and modulate the activity of neurons throughout the CNS

30
Q

Pons

A

Involved in respiration, movement, sleep, waking and dreaming

31
Q

Midbrain

A

Helps coordinate movement patterns, sleep and arousal

32
Q

Tectum

A

Includes structures involved in vision and hearing

33
Q

Tegmentum

A

Includes parts of the reticular formation and other neural structures. Related to movement.

34
Q

Forebrain

A

Involved in complex sensory, emotional, cognitive and behavioural processes. Consists of the hypothalamus thalamus, and cerebrum.

35
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Help regulate behaviours ranging from eating and sleeping to sexual activity emotional experience

36
Q

Thalamus

A

Processes sensory information as it arrives and transmits this information to the higher brain centres.

37
Q

Limbic system

A

Diverse functions including emotion, motivation, learning and memory

38
Q

Amygdala

A

Involved in many emotional processes especially learning and remembering emotionally significant events

39
Q

Hippocampus

A

Particularly important for storing new information in memory so that the person can later consciously remember it.

40
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Includes the putem and caudate nucleus involved in movement and judgement that require conscious thought

41
Q

Cerebral cortex includes …

A

Frontal lobes
Association areas, which are involved in complex mental processes such as perception and thinking
Temporal lobes
Primary areas, which usually process raw sensory data
Occipital lobes
Parietal lobes

42
Q

Occipital lobes

A

Specialised for vision

43
Q

Parietal lobes

A

Involved in several functions including the sense of touch, detecting movement in the environment, locating objects in space and experiencing one’s own body as it moves through space

44
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

Different sections of the somatosensory cortex receive information from different parts of the body

45
Q

Frontal lobes

A

Involved in a number of functions including movement, attention, planning, social skills, abstract thinking, memory and some aspects of personality

46
Q

Motor cortex

A

Through its projections to the basal ganglia, cerebellum and spinal cord, the motor cortex initiates voluntary movement

47
Q

Broca’s area

A

Located in the left frontal lobe at the base of the motor cortex, is specialised for movement of the mouth and tongue necessary for speech production. It also plays a pivotal role in the use and understanding of grammar

48
Q

Temporal lobes

A

Particularly important in audition and language, although they have other functions as well

49
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Located in the left temporal lobe, is important in language comprehension. Damage to Wernick’s area may produce Wernick’s aphasia, characterised by difficulty understanding what words and sentences mean

50
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Joins the two hemispheres of the brain.

51
Q

Left hemisphere

A

The left hemisphere is more verbal and analytic

52
Q

Right hemisphere

A

The right hemisphere is specialised for non-linguistic functions

53
Q

Gene

A

The gene is the unit of hereditary transmission

54
Q

Chromosomes

A

Strands of paired DNA that spiral around each other. Human cells have 46 chromosomes, except sperm cells in males and egg cells in females, each of which has 23.

55
Q

Degree of the relatedness

A

The probability of sharing genes among relatives

56
Q

Monozygotic twins

A

Monozygotic twins developed from the union of the same sperm and egg. They share the same genetic make up so the degree of genetic relatedness is 1.0.

57
Q

Dizygotic twins

A

Dizygotic twins develop from the union of two sperm with two separate eggs. Like other siblings the degree of relatedness is .5

58
Q

Heritability coefficient

A

Quantifies the extent to which variation in the trait across individuals can be accounted for by genetic variation.

175.102 Psychology as a Natural Science (12 decks)

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