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175.102 Psychology as a Natural Science > Chapter 2 Psychology 175.102 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Psychology 175.102 Flashcards

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0
Q

Psychological Research Methods

A
  1. Experimental 2. Descriptive - case study - naturalistic observation - survey research 3. Correlational
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1
Q

Features shared by psychological research

A
  1. Theoretical framework 2. Standardised procedures 3. Generalisability 4. Objective measurement
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2
Q

Description

A

Being able to summarise data your research has produced to make the events and relationships easily understandable

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3
Q

Prediction

A

Using the outcome of research to identify what would happen given the same circumstances

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4
Q

Understanding

A

Identifying why that would happen

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5
Q

Evaluating a study

A
  1. Does the theoretical framework make sense? 2. Is the sample adequate and appropriate? 3. Are the measures and procedures adequate? 4. Are the data conclusive? 5. Are the broader conclusions warranted? 6. Does the study say anything meaningful? 7. Is the study ethical?
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6
Q

Theory

A

A systematic way of organising and explaining observations.

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7
Q

Hypothesis

A

A tentative belief about the relationship between two or more variables.

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8
Q

Variable

A

Phenomena that vary or change across individuals or circumstances

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9
Q

Independent variable

A

The variables be experimenter manipulates

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10
Q

Dependent variable

A

The participants responses

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11
Q

Conditions

A

Different possible variations of the independent variable presented to the participant

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12
Q

Measure

A

A concrete way of assessing a variable

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13
Q

Confounding variable

A

A variable that could produce effects that might be confused with the effects of the independent variable

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14
Q

Reliability

A

A measures ability to produce consistent results

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15
Q

Retest reliability

A

The tendency of a test to yield relative similar scores for the same individual over time.

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16
Q

Internal consistency

A

Several ways of asking the same question yield similar results.

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17
Q

Interrater reliability

A

If two different interviewers rate an individual both should give the person similar scores.

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18
Q

Validity

A

The measures ability to assess the variable it is supposed to assess.

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19
Q

Scientific approaches three goals

A

Description, Prediction and Understanding

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20
Q

Independent variable

A

Variables manipulated by the experimenter, which are outside the participants control.

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21
Q

Dependent variable

A

The response the experimenter measures to see whether the manipulation had an effect.

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22
Q

Code of ethics

A
  1. Informed consent 2. Ensure welfare of participants 3. No excessive cash rewards 4. Confidentiality 5. Inform participants afterward if deception was used 6. Minimise discomfort to animals 7. Ensure approval of appropriate body
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23
Q

Conditions

A

Different possible variations of the independent variable presented to the participant

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24
Q

Demand characteristics

A

The ways participants perceptions of the researchers goals influenced their responses

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25
Q

Continuous variable

A

A variable that can be placed on a continuum

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26
Q

Categorical variable

A

A variable comprised of groupings or categories

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27
Q

Standard procedures

A

Exposing participants in a study to as similar procedures as possible

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28
Q

Population

A

The larger group to whom findings should be applicable

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29
Q

Sample

A

A subgroup of the population

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30
Q

Representative

A

Conclusions drawn of the subgroup are likely to be true of the population. The sample accurately represents the population.

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31
Q

Generalisability

A

The applicability of the findings to the entire population of interest

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32
Q

Participants

A

Individuals who participate in the study

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33
Q

Sampling bias

A

Occurs when the sample is not representative of the population as a whole

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34
Q

Valid

A

To be valid the studying must meet two criteria. One. Convincingly test hypothesis. Two. Findings must be generalisable outside the laboratory.

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35
Q

Internal validity

A

Study must employ methods that convincingly test the hypothesis

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36
Q

External validity

A

The findings can be generalised to situations outside the laboratory

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37
Q

Validation

A

Demonstrating that a measure consistently relates to some objective criterion, or to other measures that have already demonstrated their validity

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38
Q

Error

A

Discrepancy between the phenomena is measured and the phenomena as it really is

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39
Q

Experimental research

A

Investigators manipulate some aspect of the situation and examine the impact on the way participants respond

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40
Q

Operationalising

A

Turning an abstract concept into a concrete variable defined by some set of actions or operations

41
Q

Control group

A

A neutral condition in which participants are not exposed to manipulation

42
Q

Blind studies

A

Participants are kept unaware of important aspects of the research

43
Q

Placebo effect

A

Simply believing a treatment can be effective

44
Q

Single blind study

A

Only the participants are kept blind

45
Q

Double-blind study

A

Participants and researchers are both kept blind

46
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

Away of describing the findings that summarises the essential features

47
Q

Inferential statistics

A

Drawing inferences from the sample to the population as a whole

48
Q

Quasiexperimental

A

Shares the logic in many features of the experimental method but does not allow as much control over variables

49
Q

Descriptive research

A

Describes phenomena as they already exist rather than manipulating variables to test the effects

50
Q

Case study

A

An in-depth observation of one person or a small group

51
Q

Researcher bias

A

Results in systematic errors in measurement due to investigators seeing what they expect to see

52
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

The in-depth observation of a phenomena in its natural setting

53
Q

Survey research

A

Asking questions of a large sample of people

54
Q

Interview

A

Researchers ask questions using a standard format

55
Q

Questionnaire

A

Participants fill out themselves

56
Q

Random sample

A

A sample selected from the general population in a relatively arbitrary way that does not introduce any systematic bias

57
Q

Stratified random sample

A

Specifies the percentage of people to be drawn from each category of the population, then randomly select participants

58
Q

Correlational research

A

Assesses the degree to which two variables are related, in an effort to see whether knowing the value of one can lead to prediction of the other

59
Q

Correlate

A

To assess the extent to which a variable being high or low on one measure predicts being high or low on the other

60
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

Measures the extent to which two variables are related

61
Q

Positive correlation

A

The higher individuals measure on one variable, the higher they are likely to measure on the other

62
Q

Negative correlation

A

The higher individuals measure of one variable, the lower they are likely to measure on the other

63
Q

Correlation matrix

A

A table representing the correlations among a number of variables

64
Q

Neroimaging techniques

A

Uses computer programs to convert data taken from brain scanning devices into visual images of the brain

65
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

Measures electrical activity towards the surface of the brain

66
Q

Computerised axial tomography (CAT)

A

Rotating x-ray tube around a person’s head, producing a series of x-ray pictures

67
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

Uses magnets instead of x-rays

68
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

Requires a small injection of radioactive glucose into the bloodstream. The computer images these as they are used by the brain

69
Q

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

Uses MRI to watch the brain as individuals carry out tasks

70
Q

Informed consent

A

The participants ability to agree or refuse to participate in a study

71
Q

Deception

A

We participants are not informed of the aims of the investigation until the end of the study

72
Q

Critical thinking

A

Carefully examining and analysing information to judge its value as well is considering other views and explanations before accepting the truthfulness of that information

73
Q

Open-mindedness

A

Considering all sides of an issue

74
Q

Objectivity

A

Taking an impartial and disinterested approach

75
Q

Scepticism

A

Always questioning assumptions or conclusions and analysing whether the evidence presented supports the results

76
Q

Straw man approach

A

Fallacy that involves authors deliberately attacking an opposing argument in order to strengthen their own

77
Q

Appeals to popularity

A

The fallacy that popular and widespread arguments are true

78
Q

Appeals to authority

A

The fallacy that an argument must be true because of the authority of the person making it

79
Q

Arguments directed at the person

A

The approach in which authors try to strengthen their own position by attacking the authors of alternative arguments

80
Q

Context of justification

A

In which hypothesis are tested empirically

81
Q

Context of discovery

A

In which phenomena are observed, hypothesis framed and theories built

82
Q

Descriptive statistics 2

A

Summarise qualitative data in an easily understandable form

83
Q

Inferential statistics 2

A

Tells whether the results reflect anything other than chance

84
Q

Histogram

A

A graph that plots ranges of scores along the X axis and the frequency of scores in each range on the Y axis

85
Q

Frequency distribution

A

A method of organising data to show how frequently participants received each of the many possible schools

86
Q

Measures of central tendency

A

Provide an index of the way a typical participant responded to a measure

87
Q

Mean

A

The statistical average of the scores of all participants

88
Q

Median

A

The score that falls in the middle of the distribution of scores

89
Q

Mode

A

The most common score observed in the sample

90
Q

Variability

A

The extent to which participants tend to differ from one another

91
Q

Range

A

Shows the difference between the highest and lowest scores

92
Q

Standard deviation

A

The amount the average participant deviates from the mean of the sample

93
Q

Normal distribution

A

Scores of most participants fall within a bell curve distribution and progressively fewer scores at either extreme

94
Q

Percentile scores

A

Indicate the number of scores that fall below a score

95
Q

Statistical significance

A

A test to determine whether positive results have occurred simply by chance

96
Q

Probability value (p-value)

A

Represents the probability that positive findings were chance. The smaller value the more certain the results

97
Q

Effect size

A

Required to understand the magnitude of the experimental effect or strength of relationship

98
Q

Chi-square test (x2)

A

Compares the observed data with the results that would be expected by chance and tests the likelihood that the differences between observed and expected are accidental

99
Q

T-test

A

Comparing the means scores of two groups

100
Q

Analysis of variance (ANOVA)

A

Used to compare means test of two or more groups, to assess the likelihood that mean differences between the groups occurred by chance

175.102 Psychology as a Natural Science (12 decks)

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