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175.102 Psychology as a Natural Science > Chapter 14 Psychology 175.102 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Psychology 175.102 Flashcards

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0
Q

Aetiology

A

Cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition

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1
Q

Health psychology

A

Is devoted to understanding psychological influences on how people stay healthy, why they become ill and how they respond when they do get ill

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2
Q

Trephination

A

Involved drilling holes in this skulls of the diseased individual to allow the evil spirits to escape.

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3
Q

Humoural theory of illness

A

Asserts that disease is caused by an imbalance in the four fluids or humours of the body. Blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bile.

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4
Q

Cartesian dualism

A

Contends that the mind and the body a completely separate entities.

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5
Q

Cellular theory of illness

A

The idea that illness and disease result from abnormalities within individual cells

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6
Q

Biomedical model of health

A

Takes a reductionist view of illness, reducing disease to biological causes at the level of individual cells.

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7
Q

Psychosomatic medicine

A

The idea that changes in physiology mediate the relationship between unconscious conflicts and illness

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8
Q

Biopsychosocial model of health

A

The idea that health and illness stem from a combination of biological, psychological and social factors.

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9
Q

Health belief model

A

Suggested health behaviours are predicted by four factors: the perceived susceptibility to the health threat, the perceived seriousness of the health threat, the benefits and barriers of undertaking particular health behaviours, and cues to action.

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10
Q

Perceived susceptibility

A

Refers to a persons perception that he is likely to contract a particular illness.

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11
Q

Optimistic bias

A

By which they believe that they are far less likely than other people to contract particular illnesses

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12
Q

Perceived seriousness or severity

A

Refers to an individual’s perception of the impact a particular illness would have on her life

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13
Q

Benefits and barriers of health behaviour

A

People evaluate whether the benefits to be gained from stopping the behaviour outweigh the costs or barriers associated with termination of the behaviour

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14
Q

Cues to action

A

Referred to ancillary factors that influence whether or not the person is willing to begin a healthy behaviour or terminate an unhealthy one

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15
Q

Self-efficacy

A

A person’s belief in her ability to successfully undertake a particular action or behaviour

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16
Q

Protection motivation theory of health

A

Basically the health belief model plus self-efficacy

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17
Q

Theory of reasoned action

A

Takes a social cognitive view towards health behaviours, broadly stating that behaviousr stem from behavioural intentions.

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18
Q

Attitudes

A

Represent the beliefs one has that particular behaviour will produce a particular outcome and ones evaluation of those outcomes

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19
Q

Subjective norms

A

Reflects someone’s perception of how significant other individuals will view the behaviour and the motivation to comply with the desires of those others.

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20
Q

Theory of planned behaviour

A

Includes all the components of the theory of reasoned action plus self-efficacy, sometimes referred to as perceived behavioural control

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21
Q

Body mass index (BMI)

A

The weight in kilograms divided by the height in metres squared: kg/m2

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22
Q

Obesity

A

Refers to an excessive accumulation of body fat, in excess of 30% in women and 20% in men

23
Q

Overweight

A

People identified as being overweight if they have a body mass index between 25% and 30%, depending on gender and age

24
Q

Set point for weight

A

An ideal body weight for each individual

25
Q

Susceptible gene hypothesis

A

Suggests that certain genes increase the likelihood of, but do not guarantee, the development of a particular trait or characteristics e.g. obesity

26
Q

Alcoholism

A

A person is identified as having alcoholism when he or she is physiologically dependent upon alcohol, and, therefore, shows withdrawal symptoms when no alcohol has been consumed.

27
Q

Problem drinking

A

Problem drinkers are not physiologically addicted to alcohol, but still have a number of problems stemming from alcohol consumption, including problems with work and family, and health related complications

28
Q

Self handicapping

A

The process by which people set themselves up to fail

29
Q

Spontaneous remission

A

Quitting drinking or greatly reducing your alcohol intake on your own, without formal method of intervention

30
Q

Detoxification

A

The process of drying out from alcohol

31
Q

Aversion therapy

A

Introduction of something aversive as a means of discouraging the negative health habit

32
Q

Stress

A

Refers to a challenge to the person’s capacity to adapt to inner and outer demands

33
Q

General adaptation syndrome

A

A bodily response consisting of three stages: alarm, resistance and exhaustion.

34
Q

Alarm

A

Involves the release of adrenaline in the hormones such as cortisol as well as the activation of the sympathetic nervous system

35
Q

Resistance

A

The parasympathetic nervous system returns respiration and heartbreak to normal. However blood glucose levels remain high and some stress-related hormones continue to circulate at elevated levels

36
Q

Exhaustion

A

Physiological defenses breakdown, resulting in greatly increased vulnerability too serious or even life-threatening disease.

37
Q

Transactional model of stress

A

Stress is typically a transaction between the individual and the environment, rather than a property of either the person or the environment alone. Lazarus

38
Q

Primary appraisal

A

In a primary appraisal of the situation, the person decides whether the situation is benign, stressful or irrelevant.

39
Q

Secondary appraisal

A

In the second stage the person evaluates the options and decides how to respond

40
Q

Emotional forecasting

A

Predicting what feelings the situation will produce (primary appraisal) and predicting the likely emotional impact of each potential response (secondary appraisal).

41
Q

Lazarus’ three types of stress

A

One. Harm or loss.
Two. Threat
Three. Challenge.

42
Q

Stressors

A

Events that lead to stress. Stressors range from the infrequent, such as the death of a parent, to commonplace, such as a demanding job or a noisy neighbour.

43
Q

Acculturative stress

A

Refers to the stress people experience in trying to adapt to the new culture

44
Q

Catastrophes

A

Stressors of massive proportions. Catastrophe is maybe caused by nature or by humans

45
Q

Daily hassles

A

Minor annoyances of everyday life that contribute to stress

46
Q

Psychoneuroimmunology

A

Examines the influence of psychological factors on the functioning of the immune system

47
Q

Immune system

A

The bodies surveillance and security system, which detects and eliminates disease causing agents and the body such as bacteria and viruses

48
Q

Antibodies

A

Protein molecules that attach themselves to foreign invaders and mark them for destruction

49
Q

Type A behaviour pattern

A

A personality style categorised by impatience, ambition, competitiveness, hostility and a hard driving approach to life

50
Q

Type B behaviour pattern

A

More relaxed, easy-going and less easily angered.

51
Q

Coping or coping mechanisms

A

Residents in the face of stress reveals the ways people deal with stressful situations

52
Q

Problem focused coping

A

Strategies aimed at changing situation producing stress

53
Q

Emotion focused coping

A

Efforts to alter thoughts about the situation, and efforts to later the unpleasant emotional consequences of stress

54
Q

Low-effort syndrome

A

The tendency to exert minimal effort to escape stressful social and economic circumstances

175.102 Psychology as a Natural Science (12 decks)

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