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175.102 Psychology as a Natural Science > Chapter 12 Psychology 175.102 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Psychology 175.102 Flashcards

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0
Q

Maturation

A

Biologically based changes that following an orderly sequence, each step setting the stage for the next step according to an age-related timetable.

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1
Q

Developmental psychology

A

Studies the way humans develop and change over time

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2
Q

Critical periods

A

Periods of special sensitivity to specific types of learning and sensory stimulation that shape the capacity for future development

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3
Q

Sensitive periods

A

Times that are more important to subsequent development than others

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4
Q

Stages

A

Relatively discrete steps through which everyone progresses in the same sequence

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5
Q

Cross sectional studies

A

Compare groups of participants of different ages at a single time to see whether differences exist among them

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6
Q

Cohort effects

A

Differences among age groups associated with differences in the culture

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7
Q

Longitudinal studies

A

Assess the same individuals over time, providing the opportunity to assist age changes rather than age differences

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8
Q

Sequential studies

A

Minimise the cohort effect by studying multiple cohorts longitudinally

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9
Q

Teratogens

A

Environmental agents that harm the embryo or foetus.

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10
Q

Foetal alcohol syndrome

A

A serious condition affecting up to half the babies born to alcoholic mothers

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11
Q

Puberty

A

The time at which individuals become capable of reproduction

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12
Q

Presbycusis

A

The inability to hear high-frequency sounds

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13
Q

Ageism

A

Prejudice against old people

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14
Q

Intermodal processing

A

The ability to associate sensations of an object from different senses or to match their own actions to behaviours they have observed visually

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15
Q

Infantile amnesia

A

Completely lacking explicit memory for events before age 3 or 4

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16
Q

Stages of prenatal development

A

Germinal period. (First two weeks)
Embryonic period. (Third week till eighth week)
Foetal period. (Nine weeks till birth)

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17
Q

Alcohol effect on foetus

A

Numerous physical deformities, a wide range of mental abnormalities, learning disabilities, behavioural problems and attention difficulties

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18
Q

Cocaine effects on foetus

A

Premature birth, malformed internal organs, withdrawal symptoms, respiratory problems, delayed motor development and death

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19
Q

Maternal stress effects on foetus

A

Problems with attention and motor development

20
Q

Menopause

A

The sensation of the menstrual cycle. Can result in low estrogen levels. Usually begins in the 40s or 50s and my last several years

21
Q

Orienting reflex

A

The tendency of humans, even from birth, to pay more attention to novel stimuli than to stimuli to which they have become habituated or grown accustomed.

22
Q

Assimilation

A

Involves interpreting actions or events in terms of one presents schemas

23
Q

Schema

A

An organised, repeatedly exercised pattern of thought or behaviour

24
Q

Accommodation

A

The modification of schemas to fit reality

25
Q

Equilibrium

A

Balancing assimilation and accommodation to adapt to the world

26
Q

Structure of thought

A

The distinct underlying logic that children use at each stage of development

27
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

The stage in which infants think with your hands, mouth and senses, last from birth to about two years of age

28
Q

Object permanence

A

The recognition that objects exist in time and space independent of the child actions on, or observation of, them.

29
Q

Egocentric

A

Thoroughly embedded in their own point of view

30
Q

Pre-operational stage

A

Character rise by the emergence of symbolic thought: the ability to use arbitrary symbols, such as words, to represent concepts. Begins around age 2 and last until ages 5 to 7

31
Q

Centration

A

The tendency to focus, or centre, on one perceptually striking feature of an object without considering other features that might be relevant.

32
Q

Operations

A

Internalised actions the individual can use to manipulate, transform and then return object which original state.

33
Q

Concrete operational stage

A

Children are capable of operating on, or mentally manipulating, internal representations of concrete objects in ways that are reversible. Ages 7 to 12.

34
Q

Conservation

A

The basic properties of an object or situation remains stable (are conserved) even though superficial properties may be changed.

35
Q

Formal operational stage

A

Characterised by the ability to manipulate abstract as well as concrete objects, events and ideas mentally. Begins about ages 12 to 15

36
Q

Zone of proximal development (ZPD)

A

A continuum of cognitive development, ranging from a child’s individual capacity for problem solving to a more advanced and collaboratively based level of cognitive development.

37
Q

Automatisation

A

The process of executing mental processes with increasing efficiency so they require less and less attention.

38
Q

Knowledgebase

A

Accumulated knowledge

39
Q

Metacognition

A

Thinking about thinking

40
Q

Metamemory

A

Knowledge about one’s own memory and about strategies that can be used to help remember.

41
Q

Neo-Piagetian theorists

A

They attempt to integrate Piagetian and information processing theories

42
Q

Psychomotor slowing

A

And increase the time required for processing and acting on information

43
Q

Dementia

A

A disorder marked by a global disturbance of higher mental functions

44
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

A progressive and incurable illness that destroys neurons in the brain, severely impairing memory, reasoning, perception, language and behaviour.

45
Q

Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory

A

Emphasises the role of social interaction for the child as motivation for cognitive gains and learning

46
Q

Criticisms of Piaget’s theory

A
  1. Focus too heavily on the kind of rational thinking typical of scientific pursuits
  2. The assumption that a child’s thinking tends to be at one stage or another
  3. Underestimated the capacities of infants and preschool children
  4. Failed to pay enough attention to the role of culture in development
47
Q

Piaget’s theory of cognitive development

A

He argued that children develop knowledge by constructing reality out of their own experience, mixing what they observed with their own ideas about how the world works.

48
Q

Transitivity

A

That is A < B and B < C, then A < C

175.102 Psychology as a Natural Science (12 decks)

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