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175.102 Psychology as a Natural Science > Chapter 4 Psychology 175.102 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Psychology 175.102 Flashcards

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0
Q

Perception

A

Perception is the related process by which the brain selects organises and interprets sensations

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1
Q

Sensation

A

Sensation is the process by which sense organs gather information about the environment and transmit it to the brain for initial processing

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2
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Specialised cells in the nervous system that transform energy in the environment in to neural impulses that can be interpreted by the brain

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3
Q

Transduction

A

The process of converting physical energy or stimulus information into impulses

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4
Q

Absolute threshold

A

The minimum amount of physical energy needed for an observer to notice a stimulus

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5
Q

Signal detection theory

A

Asserts that judgements about the presence or absence of stimulus reflect the observer’s sensitivity to the stimulus and the observers response bias.

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6
Q

Response bias

A

The individual readiness to report detecting a stimulus when uncertain

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7
Q

Difference threshold

A

The lowest level of stimulation required to sense that a change in stimulation has occurred

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8
Q

Just noticeable difference, JND

A

The just detectable difference between two stimuli

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9
Q

Weber’s law

A

States that regardless of the magnitude of two stimuli, the second must differ by constant proportion from the first for it to be perceived as different.

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10
Q

Fechner’s law

A

States that the magnitude of the stimulus grows logarithmically as the subjective experience of intensity grows arithmetically, so that people subjectively experience only a fraction of actual increases in stimulation.

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11
Q

Steven’s Power law

A

States that subjective intensity increases in a linear fashion as actual intensity grows exponentially.

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12
Q

Wavelengths

A

Different forms of radiation have waves of different length

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13
Q

Cornea

A

A tough transparent tissue covering the front of the eyeball

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14
Q

Pupil

A

An opening in the centre of the iris

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15
Q

Iris

A

The pigmented tissue that gives the eye it’s blue, green or brown colour

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16
Q

Lens

A

And elastic, disc shaped structure about the size of lima bean that is involved in focusing the eyes.

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17
Q

Accommodation

A

The process in which the lens flattens for distant objects and becomes more rounded or spherical for closer objects.

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18
Q

Retina

A

A light sensitive layer of tissue at the back of the eye that transduces light into visual sensations.

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19
Q

Vitreous humour

A

The clear liquid in the eye

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20
Q

Rods and cones

A

Two types of light receptors, or photo receptors, which are named for the distinctive shapes.

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21
Q

Bipolar cells

A

Information from rods and cones are transmitted to these, then onto ganglion cells

22
Q

Ganglion cells

A

These integrate information from many bipolar cells

23
Q

Optic nerve

A

Made up of axons from many ganglion cells, this optic nerve carries visual information to the brain

24
Q

Fovea

A

The central region of the retina. Most sensitive to small detail

25
Q

Blindspot

A

The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye.

26
Q

What pathway of vision

A

Involved in determining what an object is.

27
Q

Where pathway of vision

A

Involved in locating an object in space, following is movement, and guiding movement towards it.

28
Q

Feature detectors

A

Feature detectors in the primary visual cortex respond only when stimulation in their respective field matches a particular pattern or orientation.

29
Q

Hue

A

What people mean by colour. That is whether an object appears blue, red, violet and so on.

30
Q

Saturation

A

The extent to which colour is diluted with a white or black, or saturated with its own wavelength

31
Q

Lightness

A

The extent to which a colour is light or dark

32
Q

Trichromatic theory of colour

A

According to this theory the eye contains three types of receptors, which are most sensitive to wavelengths experienced as red, green or blue.

33
Q

Opponent-process theory

A

According to this theory the colours we experience (and the after image we perceive) reflect three antagonistic colour systems; a blue-yellow, red-green and black-white system.

34
Q

Audition

A

Hearing

35
Q

Sound waves

A

The way in which sound travels, which occur as a vibrating object sets air particles in motion.

36
Q

Cycles

A

Each round of expansion and contradiction of the distance between molecules of air

37
Q

Frequency

A

A measure of how often a wave cycles. Frequency is expressed in hertz.

38
Q

Pitch

A

The quality of the tone, from low to high.

39
Q

Complexity

A

Refers to the extent to which sound is composed of multiple frequencies, and corresponds to the psychological property of timbre.

40
Q

Timbre

A

The texture of sound

41
Q

Amplitude

A

Refers to the height and depth of a wave, that is, the difference between its maximum and minimum pressure level. The amplitude of a soundwave corresponds to the psychological property of loudness.

42
Q

Transduction of hearing

A 
Pinnas
Eardrum or tympanic membrane
Cochlea
Auditory receptors or hair cells
Sensory neurons
Auditory nerve
Medulla
Splits to the midbrain - inferior colliculus 
Splits to the thalamus. Then the primary auditory cortex
43
Q

Cochlea

A

A 3 chambered tube in the inner ear shaped like a snail and involved in the transduction of sound.

44
Q

Place theory of sensing pitch

A

Best explains transaction at high frequencies, different areas of the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies.

45
Q

Frequency theory of hearing pitch

A

Best explains transduction at low frequencies, the rate of vibration of the basilar membrane transforms frequency into pitch.

46
Q

Sound localisation

A

Identifying the location of the sound in space: differences between the two ears in loudness and timing of the sound.

47
Q

Olfaction

A

Smell

48
Q

Pheromones

A

Scent messages detected through an auxiliary olfactory system that regulate the sexual behaviour of many animals and direct a variety of behaviours in insects

49
Q

Transduction of smell

A 
Molecules in the air
Olfactory epithelium 
Olfactory mucus
Olfactory receptor cells
Olfactory nerve
Olfactory bulb
Olfactory tract
Primary olfactory cortex
Splits to amygdala
Splits to thalamus
50
Q

Gustation

A

Taste

51
Q

Tastebuds

A

Where transduction of taste occurs

52
Q

Transduction of taste

A 
Molecules in saliva
Taste buds
Taste receptors
Gustily nerve 
Medulla and pons
Splits to limbic system
Splits to thalamus. Then to primary gastric cortex
53
Q

Proprioceptive senses

A

Vestibular sense. Provides information about the position of the body in space by sensing gravity and movement.
Kinaesthesia. Provides information about the movement the position of the limbs and other parts of the body relative to one another.

175.102 Psychology as a Natural Science (12 decks)

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