Chapter 7: Protein Flashcards
What is the building block of protein? How does it form protein?
amino acids, composed of a central carbon & hydrogen
What are amino acids? Why is the side chain important?
the primary component of all cells, side-chain makes it unique & determines structure & function
How many amino acids are there? How many are essential?
20, 9
What is a limiting amino acid?
essential amino acid in smallest supply
What is a complete, incomplete, and complementary protein?
complete = contain all 9 incomplete = don't contain all 9 complementary = 2+ plant proteins combined to compensate for AA deficiency
How are proteins denatured?
by cooking & chemicals
What is transamination and deamination?
transamination = transfer of an amino group deamination = removal of an amino group
How are proteins synthesized? (Understand Transcription and Translation)
Protein synthesis is the process by which cells make proteins
Transcription is the transfer of genetic instructions in DNA to mRNA in the nucleus
In translation, the instructions in mRNA are read, and tRNA brings the correct sequence of amino acids to the ribosome. Then, rRNA helps bonds form between the amino acids, producing a polypeptide chain.
What is happening in Sickle Cell Anemia?
DNA contains errors, incorrect mRNA is produced, abnormal proteins are made
How do we determine protein needs? (Nitrogen balance)
if protein intake = losses, equilibrium is maintained
How does protein impact fluid balance?
proteins in the blood called albumin & globulin help maintain fluid balance by keeping water in the blood
What is the RDA and AMDR for protein?
RDA = 0.8% of body weight AMDR = 10-35% of intake
How is protein digested and absorbed?
in the stomach, HCl denatures protein & pepsin breaks apart long peptide chains. chyme entering the SI triggers the release of CCK. hormones stimulate the pancreas to release proteases that complete digestion in SI, then it travels to the liver where they are used for protein synthesis, energy needs, or converted to carbs/fat or released into the bloodstream
What is the function of protein?
produce vital body structures, maintain fluid balance, immune function, transport nutrients
What is protein-energy malnutrition? What two conditions can it result in?
an imbalance between the supply of protein and energy and the body’s demand for them to ensure optimal growth and function
