Chapter 14: Water

Question 1

How long can adults survive without water? Why?

Answer 1

days, there are no water reserves in the body

Question 2

What two compartments is water found in? Fluid in these compartments contains?

Answer 2

intracellular fluid = 2/3rds of water in the body

extracellular fluid = remaining 3rd, interstitial & intravascular fluid

Question 3

What is hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic?

Answer 3

hypo = low ion concentration, cell swelling
hyper = high ion concentration, cell shrinking
iso = equa concentrations

Question 4

Describe the functions of water.

Answer 4

maintain blood volume, lubricate joints, transport O2 & nutrients, produce fluids, solvent, participate in chemical reactions (hydrolysis)

Question 5

Describe conservation of water including ADH and the Renin-Angiotensin System

Answer 5

when blood pressure falls, ADH from the pituitary gland signals kidneys to decrease urine output

renin is released by kidneys when blood pressure falls

1. activates angiotensinogen to form angiotensin I
2. angiotensin I -> angiotensin II
3. angiotensin II causes blood vessel constriction & release of aldosterone from adrenal glands
4. aldosterone causes kidneys to retain Na & Cl -> more water retention

Question 6

What are the causes of dehydration?

Answer 6

fever, hot weather, exercise, dry environment, lacking fluid intake

Question 7

What is the value of normal blood pressure? What is primary hypertension?

Answer 7

120/80, primary hypertension cause is unknown, years in response to change in arteries, kidneys, & Na/K balance

Question 8

What are the risk factors for hypertension? What can result from hypertension?

Answer 8

age, race, diabetes, physical inactivity

stroke, dementia, heart attack

Question 9

What is the DASH diet? When is it used?

Answer 9

Dietary Approached to Stop Hypertension, used to prevent hypertension w/ a health diet and health lifestyle choices

Question 10

The 4 minerals:

Answer 10

sodium (Na) = cation, conduct nerve impulses, involved in transporting glucose & amino acids into cells
potassium (K) = absorption of glucose & some amino acids, normal muscle & nerve function, water balance
calcium (Ca) = bone maintenance
magnesium (Mg) = help stabilize ATP, pumps sodium out of cells & potassium in, needed for DNA synthesis, nerve transmission, & glucose/insulin metabolism