Chapter 5: Carbohydrates

Question 1

What are carbohydrates? They are composed of? What is the main source?

Answer 1

provide energy, composed of amino acids, found in fruits, veg, dairy, bread, pasta

Question 2

What is the simplest form of carbohydrate? Which is the most abundant?

Answer 2

monosaccharide, glucose

Question 3

What are the disaccharides? Which two sugars are linked together for each?

Answer 3

2 sugars,

Question 4

What is special about Beta bonds? Examples of foods with a beta bond?

Answer 4

not easily broken down, seeds, alc, milk, sugacane

Question 5

What is found in milk and milk products? What are its components? How does this produce gas?

Answer 5

lactose, 1 glucose + 1 galactose, milk & milk products

Question 6

What are polysaccharides? List the ones that are ingestible and those that are not and the types for
each.

Answer 6

3 sugars
indigestible = fiber
digestible = starch, glycogen

Question 7

Why does amylopectin raise blood glucose levels more quickly than amylose? What kind of
bonds do they have? Are they branched or unbranched?

Answer 7

it has more branches and has alpha bonds

Question 8

What is the storage form of carbohydrates in humans? Where are the two major storage sites?
What is the importance of its branches?

Answer 8

glycogen, liver & muscle cells, breaks down quickly by enzymes for energy

Question 9

What are fibers composed of? What kind of bonds do they contain? What are insoluble and
soluble fibers?

Answer 9

non-starch polysaccharides, beta bonds

soluble fibers = pectin, gums, mucilages
insoluble fibers = cellulose, hemicellulose, ligins

Question 10

What are the benefits of fiber?

Answer 10

reduce constipation

Question 11

Where can fiber be found? What effect does processing have on fiber?

Answer 11

found in grains, legumes, processing lowers fiber

Question 12

What does the RDA recommend for carbohydrate intake? What carbohydrates should we be
consuming?

Answer 12

130 g/day, diets should be rich in fruit, veg, & whole grain

Question 13

What do digestible carbohydrates get broken down into? What is its main function?

Answer 13

glucose, provide energy

Question 14

How does fiber promote bowel health? What happens with too little fiber in the diet?

Answer 14

reduces the risk for diabetes & constipation, too little fiber can lead to constipation, hemorrhoids, & diverticula

Question 15

The breakdown of carbohydrates and what enzymes act on the disaccharides.

Answer 15

1. in the mouth, amylase in saliva breaks starch into smaller polysaccharides & disaccharides
2. in the stomach, salivary amylase is activated
3. in the SI, digestion continues w/ pancreatic amylase & dextrinase from the pancreas

maltose + maltase = glucose + glucose
sucrose + sucrase = glucose + fructose
lactose + lactase = glucose + galactose

Question 16

Glucose and galactose absorption:

Answer 16

absorbed by active transport, pumped into absorptive cells with sodium

Question 17

Fructose absorption:

Answer 17

absorbed by facilitated diffusion, slower absorption than glucose & galactose

Question 18

What are the health risks of a high-fiber diet? High sugar diet?

Answer 18

high-fiber = hemorrhoids, bleeding, blockage
high-sugar = weight gain & obesity, CVD

Question 19

What causes lactose intolerance? What are the symptoms? What causes these symptoms?

Answer 19

insufficiency of lactase production, gas & bloating, diarrhea

Question 20

What is hyper- and hypo-glycemia? Which one is associated with diabetes?

Answer 20

hyperglycemia = high blood pressure
hypoglycemia = low blood pressure, associated w/ diabetes

Question 21

Describe Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes. What are the differences and similarities?

Answer 21

type 1 = insulin cells in pancreas destroyed, insulin shots required, often begins in childhood
type 2 = response to insulin stops, associated w/ inactivity & obesity