Chapter 7; Nervous System and Euthanasia

Question 1

Anticonvulsant Drugs: Barbiturates

Answer 1

Depresses the motor centres of the cerebral cortex

Controlled substance

Long-acting: 6-8 hours - phenobarbital

Short-acting: 1-2 hours - pentobarbital

Ultrashort-acting: 10-15 minutes - thiopental methohexital

Question 2

Anticonvulsant Drugs: Barbiturates

phenobarbital

Answer 2

Long-acting; 6-8 hours

Dogs and cats

Highly protein bound

CYP450 inducer

liquid or tablet

side effects; PU, PD, PP (polyphagia), liver damage

Question 3

Anticonvulsant Drugs: Benzodiazepines

Answer 3

Enhances GABA which is an inhibitory neutotransmitter

Controlled substance

Side effect: sedation

Question 4

Anticonvulsant Drugs: Benzodiazepines

diazepam

Answer 4

Emergency drug given IV or rectally to conrtol status epilepticus

Question 5

Anticonvulsant Drugs: Potassium Bromide

Answer 5

Combintation with phenobarbitol or forst line drug

Enhances GABA

Liquid

Serum monitoring needed

Side effect: vomiting, sedation

DO NOT USE WITH CATS - allgeric bronchitis

Question 6

Anticonvulsant Drugs: Add-Ons

levetriacetam

Answer 6

Binds to synaptic vesicle protein and prevents conduction of impulses across the synapse

Liquid or tablet

Side effect: sedation, ataxia

Question 7

Anticonvulsant Drugs: Add-Ons

gabapentin

Answer 7

Inhibits calcium channels

Excreted by kidney - kidney disease

tablet

Side effect: sedation, ataxia

Question 8

Narcotic Analgesics: Opioids

Answer 8

Mimic action of andogenous opioids produced in nervous and endocrine system

Complex interaction at opioid recptors: mu, kappa, and delta

Activity in central areas of brain, GI tract, smooth muscle

Side effect: sedation, vomiting, salivation, ileus, slowed HR and hypotension

Morphine is the opioid to which all other opioids are compared

Question 9

Narcotic Analgesics: Opioids

fentanyl

Answer 9

200X

IV as CRI (IM, SC) (q 2 hours)

transdermal patch (3 days)

full mu agonist

Question 10

Narcotic Analgesics: Opioids

hydromorphone

Answer 10

5-7X

IV, IM, SC (q 4-6 hours)

full mu agonist

Question 11

Narcotic Analgesics: Opioids

butorphanol

Answer 11

2-5X

IV, IM, SC (short duration 1-2 hours)

partial mu agonist

pre-anaesthetic sedation/analgesia

Question 12

Narcotic Analgesics: Opioids

buprenorphine

Answer 12

30X

IM (q 8-10 hours)

transmucousal (q 12 hours)

SC slow release (depot) (q 72 hours)

mu agonist

used for post-surgical anaglesia

few side effects

Question 13

Narcotic Analgesics: Opioids

naloxone

Answer 13

Full mu antagonist

strong affinity for receptor but has no activity st receptor site

opioid reveral agent

Question 14

Narcotic Analgesics: Opioid?

tramadol

Answer 14

IV, IM or oral (q 8-12 hours)

partial mu agonist

inhibits reuptake of serotonin and NE

post-operative and chronic pain managment

Question 15

Local Anesthetics

Answer 15

Block sensory and pain transmission at site of application - prevent nerve impluse conduction in peripheral nerves

Possible side effect: seizures, arrythmias

Question 16

Local Anesthetics:Types

Answer 16

Infiltration - around surgical or wound site

Topical - eye, laryngea; are in cats for intubation, urinary catheter placement

Nerve Block - dental extractions, declaw, horses to localize areas of injury

Line Block - SC near site of surgery

Regional (epidural) - subarachnoid space

Question 17

Local Anaesthetics

lidocaine

Answer 17

Rapid onset, 2 hours duration

injection, gel, spray

Question 18

Local Anesthetics

bupivacaine

Answer 18

Slower onset, 4-6 hour duration

injection

Question 19

Local Anesthetics

proparacaine

Answer 19

Rapid onset, 10 minute duration

topical eye drops

Question 20

Euthanasia

Answer 20

pentobarbitol over dose

Euthansol, Euthanyl

IV - rapid injection

Depresses the CNS, respiratory centre, cadiac arrest