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Physiology- Sutherland-Chan-Term1 > Chapter 7- Myology > Flashcards

Chapter 7- Myology Flashcards

1
Q

There are 3 types of muscle tissues;

A
  1. Skeletal muscle (voluntary)
  2. Smooth muscle
  3. Cardiac muscle (smooth muscle as well)
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2
Q

The functions off the muscles :

A
  1. body movement
  2. substance movement
  3. control of substance movement
  4. Thermogenesis .e.g if you are cold then the muscle will contract to
    produce heat.
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3
Q

What are the charateristics of muscle tissues:

A
  1. Electrical excitability
  2. Contractility
  3. Extensibility
  4. Elasticity
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4
Q

The ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals called————

A

Electrical excitability

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5
Q

Electrical signals produced are called————-

A

action potentials (AP) - part of the electrical excitability characteristic.

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6
Q

The ability of muscle tissue to generate tension/force when stimulated by AP called ———-

A

Contractility

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7
Q

The ability of muscle tissue to return to its original shape after contraction or stretch called ———

A

Elasticity

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8
Q

The ability of muscle to stretch (lengthen) without being damaged called —————–

notes that muscle can contact when stretched (e.g heart muscle)

A

Extensibility

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9
Q

Muscle Tissues

Specialized cells that use ———in the generation of force.

A

ATP

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10
Q

Skeletal muscle aka ———

A

striated muscle

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11
Q

Striations are alternating ———and ———bands that are characteristic of this muscle type.

A

Light

Dark `

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12
Q

Skeletal muscle is a ——————

A

voluntary /conscious control (also subject to involuntary control)

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13
Q

Hierarchy of Skeletal muscle organization :

A
  1. Muscle
  2. Fascicle
  3. Muscle Fibre (Muscle Cell)
  4. Myofibril
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14
Q

Skeletal muscle subdivided into —————, named and sized in ——–

A
  • bundles of fascicles

- CM

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15
Q

Each Fascicle is made of many —————–and sized in —————-

A 
muscle fibres ( 10-100 muscle fibre in each Fascicle), 
MM
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16
Q

Muscle fibre aka ————–

A

muscle cell

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17
Q

Muscle Fibres is ———-shape, size in ———–, filled with ———, multi————, and has lots of ———

A 
cylindrical, 
um*100.
myofibrils,
multinucleated,
mitochondria
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18
Q

Plasma cell of the muscle membrane called ———

A

Sarcolemma

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19
Q

The cytoplasm of the muscle fibres-lots of oxygen called —————-

A

Sarcoplasm

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20
Q

A protein that binds oxygen that has diffused into the muscle fibre and delivers it to the mitochondria.

A

Myoglobin

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21
Q

Tiny invaginations tunnel in from the sarclemma towards the Centre of the muscle fibre.

A

transverse tubules (T-tubules)

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22
Q

Sacrolemma;
sacro means———
lemma means ———

A

Flush
Sheath
Flush Sheath; it is the cell (plasma membrane of the muscle cell)

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23
Q

Muscle fibre has ;

1) lots of mitochondria
2) —————
3) —————

A

2) multinucleated (more than one neucleus)

3) filled with myofibrils

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24
Q

———-specialized contractile organelles of the muscles , sized in ————–, they extend the length of the muscle fibre.

A

Myofibrils

Um (in diameter)

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25
Q

Myofibrils are held in place by ——————–

A

Cytoskeletal protein

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26
Q

—————fluid filled tubes and sacs running along and surrounding each Myofibril- and store and release ——–into the cell (when it is needed )

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Calcium (important component in muscle contraction)

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27
Q

————contains a number of a Sarcomeres arranged in a series (end to end)

A

Myofibrils

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28
Q

———-the functional unit of Myofibril (of contraction)

A

Sarcomere

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29
Q

Sarcomere contains 2 contractile protein

A
  1. actin

2 Myosin

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30
Q

———–makes up a thin filaments

A

Actin

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31
Q

———–makes up a thick filaments

A

Myosin

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32
Q

Thick and thin filaments overlap and their interaction is what generates ———–

A

force/contraction

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33
Q

The overlap of the Sarcomere creates ——— and ——–strips which gives skeletal muscle its striated

A

Light

Dark

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34
Q

Neurological control

to generate tension, skeletal muscle cells must be stimulated by a nerve signal from a —————-

A

motor neuron = efferent neuron

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35
Q

Neurological control

a nerve cell that Stimulates muscles to contract called——–

A

motor neuron

36
Q

Neurological control

The axon connects with the muscle- when it reaches the muscle, it branches out into a number of axon terminals. T/F

A

True

37
Q

Neurological control

each axon terminal forms a junction called———————with the Sarcolemma of a number of different muscle cells.

A

neuromuscular junction

38
Q

Neurological control

the axon terminal and the Sarcolemma never actually touch - there is a gap between them called the ——————-

A

Synaptic Cleft

39
Q

Neurological control

When the signal arrives, it releases a neurotransmitter called —————–which crosses the ————-, stimulates the ———-and the muscle continues the signal.

A

Acetylcholine(ACh)
Synaptic cleft
Sarcolemma

40
Q

Skeletal muscle contraction / The Sliding Filament Mechanism

once the signal reaches the muscle fibres, it crosses the ———, then the signal continued by the muscle ——- and spreads out across the ———-. It then travels down the ———–and stimulates the ———————to release———

A 
Synaptic cleft
Fibres (AP)
Sarcolemma
transverse tubules 
sarcoplasmic reticulum
calcium
41
Q

Skeletal muscle contraction / The Sliding Filament Mechanism

The calcium allows the ———–(—————-) to connect with the ——-(———–)

A

myosin (thick filament)

actin (thin filament)

42
Q

Skeletal muscle contraction / The Sliding Filament Mechanism

the Myosin pulls the ———filaments together ,
It ———and starts the cycle again, this ratcheting of the filaments uses ——-. With Repetition, it shortens the ———, ———-, ———-,———–

A

actin/thin
disengages
ATP
Sarcomere, Myofibril , muscle fibre, and the muscle

43
Q

Skeletal muscle contraction / The Sliding Filament Mechanism

When the APs stop , the sarcoplasmic reticulum pumps ———-back inside (which uses ATP)

A

calcium

44
Q

Skeletal muscle contraction / The Sliding Filament Mechanism

Without sufficient ———, the thick filaments can’t continue their ————of the thins filaments. then ——————-stops or muscle ——-

A

calcium
ratcheting
tension generation
relaxes

45
Q

the motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fibres it innervate a called ———–

A

motor unit

46
Q

Skeletal muscle fibers need to vary the levels at which they consume ATP . T/F

A

True

47
Q

Muscle fibres store enough ATP that last up to 3 seconds . T/F

A

True

48
Q

The production of ATP in muscle fibres has 3 energy pathways through which more ATP can be generated:

A
  1. Creatine Phosphate
  2. Anaerobic Glycolysis
  3. Aerobic cellular respiration
49
Q

It is anaerobic alactic aka

A

Creatine phosphate, ATP-Pcr, Phosphocreatine

50
Q

—————–it is a molecule that stores high amounts of energy in its chemical bonds.

A

Creatine phosphate

51
Q

When the Pcr is split by——-then the energy released is used to —————–

A

Enzyme

reform ATP

52
Q

It happens very fast, it is the first source of energy when muscle contraction ————-, provides energy for —————of maximal contraction , no oxygen needed and lactic acid is produced.
The pathway called ——–

A

begins
3-15 seconds
Pcr (Creatine Phosphate )

53
Q

anaerobic lactic aka ————

A

Anaerobic Glycolysis

54
Q

When muscle activity continues continues and Pcr depleted ———-is used to make ——–

A

glucose

ATP

55
Q

THe process of making ATP from glucose occurs in the cell cytoplasm is called —–

A

Glycolysis

56
Q

Glycolysis is broken into 2 molecules of ————and ———–

A

Pyruvic acid

2-3 ATP

57
Q

Pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria where it undergoes a series of reactions (that require ———-) called ———————.

During heavy exercise/ demand , not enough ——– is available

A

oxygen
aerobic cellular respiration
Oxygen

58
Q

In the abscess of Oxygen, ———-acid does not go into the mitochondria - it is converted into ———- then it get diffuses out of the cell into the blood

A

pyruvic

lactic acid/lactate

59
Q

No oxygen is required and producing lactic acid called ——
it is capable of supplying energy for ———-

A

anaerobic lactic

30-40 seconds

60
Q

Lactic Acid/Lactate + ———-

A

Hydrogen (H) which burns

61
Q

a metabolic by product of anaerobic glycolysis called —————–

A

lactic acid/lactate

62
Q

In the lactic acid/lactate pathway;
at lower level of activity, any lactate produced is consumed by other muscle fibres, less active nearby muscles, and the heart so lactate does not accumulate. T/F

A

True

63
Q

lactic acid/lactate pathway;

It is where the lactate do is converted back into glucose/glycogen in the liver called ———

A

the Cori cycle

64
Q

lactic acid/lactate Pathway;

Lactic acid has a 1/2 life of 15-25 mins and is cleared in a matter of hours.T/F

A

True

65
Q

This Pathway is active when you are able to get oxygen into the cells (e.g at rest or at Lowe-moderate intensity exercise) called —————-

A

Aerobic cellular respiration

66
Q

Oxygen is delivered by ————-or from oxygen diffusing from the blood in the presence of oxygen, ———-acid enters the mitochondria and in a series of reactions (that use oxygen), produces much more ——-(much more than glycolysis)

A

Myoglobin
Pyruvic
ATP

67
Q

Carbs, Fats and proteins can be used in the process of making ATP in the ———————–pathway

A

Aerobic cellular Respiration

68
Q

In Aerobic cellular Respiration ;

———–yields little ATP

A

Carbs

69
Q

In Aerobic cellular Respiration;

——-yield a lot of ATP

A

fats

70
Q

In Aerobic cellular Respiration;

———–are not used readily (often not even included) when making the ATP

A

Proteins

71
Q

At rest , cells of the body use ————- ———–to generate their ATP in Aerobic cellular Respiration Pathway.

A

aerobic metabolism

72
Q

In Aerobic cellular Respiration;

In activities that last more than 10 mins, most 90% of the ATP generated comes from the aerobic system. T/F

A

True

73
Q

Skeletal Muscle Fibre Types are different depending on ;

A
  1. the speed at which they generate tension
  2. how they use diff energy substrate
  3. how they fatigue
74
Q

There are 3 types of skeletal muscle :

A
  1. Slow Oxidative(SO) Fibres
  2. Fast Oxidative Glycolytic Fibres (FOG)
  3. Fast Glycolytic Fibres (FG)
75
Q

aka type 1 ,slow-twitch Fibres, recruited 1st ———–

A

Slow Oxidative Fibres (SO)

76
Q

Fatigue resistant, skeletal muscle fibre type, used in endurance-type functions (e.g maintaining posture , running a marathon)called ——————-

A

Slow Oxidative Fibres (SO)

77
Q

It has lots of mitochondria, myoglobin, capillaries, generate ATP via aerobic cellular respiration(e. oxygen is available)called ————-

A

Slow Oxidative Fibres (SO)

78
Q

In the skeletal muscle fibres; With Immobilization, the atrophy is faster than Type II Fibres ——————

A

Slow Oxidative Fibres (SO)

79
Q

aka type IIa Fibres and recruited 2nd called ———-

A

Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic Fibres(FOG)

80
Q

In the skeletal Muscle Fibre types; it moderately highly resistance to fatigue called —————–

A

Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic Fibres(FOG)

81
Q

It used in endurance (e.g walking) and short-duration functions (e.g sprinting) called ——-

A

Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic Fibres(FOG)

82
Q

Intermediate amounts of mitochondria,myoglobin, capillaries and generate ATP via Aerobic and anaerobic energy pathways.

A

Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic Fibres(FOG)

83
Q

aka typeIIx Fibres, recruited 3rd called ——

A

Fast Glycolytic Fibres(FG)

84
Q

In the skeletal muscle Fibre types, it has low resistance to fatigue called ————

A

Fast Glycolytic Fibres(FG)

85
Q

It is used in high intensity, short duration activities (e.g weight lifting, snap shot) and shorter-duration functions (e.g.sprinting) called———–

A

Fast Glycolytic Fibres(FG)

86
Q

In the skeletal muscle Fibre types, it is relatively low amounts of mitochondria, myoglobin, capillaries called ..————

A

Fast Glycolytic Fibres(FG)

87
Q

In the Skeletal muscle fibres, it generate ATP via anaerobic energy pathways (glycolysis) called———

A

Fast Glycolytic Fibres(FG)

Physiology- Sutherland-Chan-Term1 (14 decks)

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