Chapter 7- Myology Flashcards
1
Q
There are 3 types of muscle tissues;
A
- Skeletal muscle (voluntary)
- Smooth muscle
- Cardiac muscle (smooth muscle as well)
2
Q
The functions off the muscles :
A
- body movement
- substance movement
- control of substance movement
- Thermogenesis .e.g if you are cold then the muscle will contract to
produce heat.
3
Q
What are the charateristics of muscle tissues:
A
- Electrical excitability
- Contractility
- Extensibility
- Elasticity
4
Q
The ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals called————
A
Electrical excitability
5
Q
Electrical signals produced are called————-
A
action potentials (AP) - part of the electrical excitability characteristic.
6
Q
The ability of muscle tissue to generate tension/force when stimulated by AP called ———-
A
Contractility
7
Q
The ability of muscle tissue to return to its original shape after contraction or stretch called ———
A
Elasticity
8
Q
The ability of muscle to stretch (lengthen) without being damaged called —————–
notes that muscle can contact when stretched (e.g heart muscle)
A
Extensibility
9
Q
Muscle Tissues
Specialized cells that use ———in the generation of force.
A
ATP
10
Q
Skeletal muscle aka ———
A
striated muscle
11
Q
Striations are alternating ———and ———bands that are characteristic of this muscle type.
A
Light
Dark `
12
Q
Skeletal muscle is a ——————
A
voluntary /conscious control (also subject to involuntary control)
13
Q
Hierarchy of Skeletal muscle organization :
A
- Muscle
- Fascicle
- Muscle Fibre (Muscle Cell)
- Myofibril
14
Q
Skeletal muscle subdivided into —————, named and sized in ——–
A
- bundles of fascicles
- CM
15
Q
Each Fascicle is made of many —————–and sized in —————-
A
muscle fibres ( 10-100 muscle fibre in each Fascicle), MM
16
Q
Muscle fibre aka ————–
A
muscle cell
17
Q
Muscle Fibres is ———-shape, size in ———–, filled with ———, multi————, and has lots of ———
A
cylindrical, um*100. myofibrils, multinucleated, mitochondria
18
Q
Plasma cell of the muscle membrane called ———
A
Sarcolemma
19
Q
The cytoplasm of the muscle fibres-lots of oxygen called —————-
A
Sarcoplasm
20
Q
A protein that binds oxygen that has diffused into the muscle fibre and delivers it to the mitochondria.
A
Myoglobin
21
Q
Tiny invaginations tunnel in from the sarclemma towards the Centre of the muscle fibre.
A
transverse tubules (T-tubules)
22
Q
Sacrolemma;
sacro means———
lemma means ———
A
Flush
Sheath
Flush Sheath; it is the cell (plasma membrane of the muscle cell)
23
Q
Muscle fibre has ;
1) lots of mitochondria
2) —————
3) —————
A
2) multinucleated (more than one neucleus)
3) filled with myofibrils
24
Q
———-specialized contractile organelles of the muscles , sized in ————–, they extend the length of the muscle fibre.
A
Myofibrils
Um (in diameter)
25
Myofibrils are held in place by --------------------
Cytoskeletal protein
26
---------------fluid filled tubes and sacs running along and surrounding each Myofibril- and store and release --------into the cell (when it is needed )
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
| Calcium (important component in muscle contraction)
27
------------contains a number of a Sarcomeres arranged in a series (end to end)
Myofibrils
28
----------the functional unit of Myofibril (of contraction)
Sarcomere
29
Sarcomere contains 2 contractile protein
1. ----------
2. ---------
1. actin
| 2 Myosin
30
-----------makes up a thin filaments
Actin
31
-----------makes up a thick filaments
Myosin
32
Thick and thin filaments overlap and their interaction is what generates -----------
force/contraction
33
The overlap of the Sarcomere creates --------- and --------strips which gives skeletal muscle its striated
Light
| Dark
34
Neurological control
to generate tension, skeletal muscle cells must be stimulated by a nerve signal from a ----------------
motor neuron = efferent neuron
35
Neurological control
a nerve cell that Stimulates muscles to contract called--------
motor neuron
36
Neurological control
| The axon connects with the muscle- when it reaches the muscle, it branches out into a number of axon terminals. T/F
True
37
Neurological control
each axon terminal forms a junction called---------------------with the Sarcolemma of a number of different muscle cells.
neuromuscular junction
38
Neurological control
the axon terminal and the Sarcolemma never actually touch - there is a gap between them called the -------------------
Synaptic Cleft
39
Neurological control
When the signal arrives, it releases a neurotransmitter called -----------------which crosses the -------------, stimulates the ----------and the muscle continues the signal.
Acetylcholine(ACh)
Synaptic cleft
Sarcolemma
40
Skeletal muscle contraction / The Sliding Filament Mechanism
once the signal reaches the muscle fibres, it crosses the ---------, then the signal continued by the muscle ------- and spreads out across the ----------. It then travels down the -----------and stimulates the ---------------------to release---------
```
Synaptic cleft
Fibres (AP)
Sarcolemma
transverse tubules
sarcoplasmic reticulum
calcium
```
41
Skeletal muscle contraction / The Sliding Filament Mechanism
The calcium allows the -----------(----------------) to connect with the -------(-----------)
myosin (thick filament)
| actin (thin filament)
42
Skeletal muscle contraction / The Sliding Filament Mechanism
the Myosin pulls the ---------filaments together ,
It ---------and starts the cycle again, this ratcheting of the filaments uses -------. With Repetition, it shortens the ---------, ----------, ----------,-----------
actin/thin
disengages
ATP
Sarcomere, Myofibril , muscle fibre, and the muscle
43
Skeletal muscle contraction / The Sliding Filament Mechanism
When the APs stop , the sarcoplasmic reticulum pumps ----------back inside (which uses ATP)
calcium
44
Skeletal muscle contraction / The Sliding Filament Mechanism
Without sufficient ---------, the thick filaments can't continue their ------------of the thins filaments. then -------------------stops or muscle -------
calcium
ratcheting
tension generation
relaxes
45
the motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fibres it innervate a called -----------
motor unit
46
Skeletal muscle fibers need to vary the levels at which they consume ATP . T/F
True
47
Muscle fibres store enough ATP that last up to 3 seconds . T/F
True
48
The production of ATP in muscle fibres has 3 energy pathways through which more ATP can be generated:
1. -----------
2. -----------
3. ------------
1. Creatine Phosphate
2. Anaerobic Glycolysis
3. Aerobic cellular respiration
49
It is anaerobic alactic aka
Creatine phosphate, ATP-Pcr, Phosphocreatine
50
-----------------it is a molecule that stores high amounts of energy in its chemical bonds.
Creatine phosphate
51
When the Pcr is split by-------then the energy released is used to -----------------
Enzyme
| reform ATP
52
It happens very fast, it is the first source of energy when muscle contraction -------------, provides energy for ---------------of maximal contraction , no oxygen needed and lactic acid is produced.
The pathway called --------
begins
3-15 seconds
Pcr (Creatine Phosphate )
53
anaerobic lactic aka ------------
Anaerobic Glycolysis
54
When muscle activity continues continues and Pcr depleted ----------is used to make --------
glucose
| ATP
55
THe process of making ATP from glucose occurs in the cell cytoplasm is called -----
Glycolysis
56
Glycolysis is broken into 2 molecules of ------------and -----------
Pyruvic acid
| 2-3 ATP
57
Pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria where it undergoes a series of reactions (that require ----------) called ---------------------.
During heavy exercise/ demand , not enough -------- is available
oxygen
aerobic cellular respiration
Oxygen
58
In the abscess of Oxygen, ----------acid does not go into the mitochondria - it is converted into ---------- then it get diffuses out of the cell into the blood
pyruvic
| lactic acid/lactate
59
No oxygen is required and producing lactic acid called ------
it is capable of supplying energy for ----------
anaerobic lactic
| 30-40 seconds
60
Lactic Acid/Lactate + ----------
Hydrogen (H) which burns
61
a metabolic by product of anaerobic glycolysis called -----------------
lactic acid/lactate
62
In the lactic acid/lactate pathway;
at lower level of activity, any lactate produced is consumed by other muscle fibres, less active nearby muscles, and the heart so lactate does not accumulate. T/F
True
63
lactic acid/lactate pathway;
| It is where the lactate do is converted back into glucose/glycogen in the liver called ---------
the Cori cycle
64
lactic acid/lactate Pathway;
| Lactic acid has a 1/2 life of 15-25 mins and is cleared in a matter of hours.T/F
True
65
This Pathway is active when you are able to get oxygen into the cells (e.g at rest or at Lowe-moderate intensity exercise) called ----------------
Aerobic cellular respiration
66
Oxygen is delivered by -------------or from oxygen diffusing from the blood in the presence of oxygen, ----------acid enters the mitochondria and in a series of reactions (that use oxygen), produces much more -------(much more than glycolysis)
Myoglobin
Pyruvic
ATP
67
Carbs, Fats and proteins can be used in the process of making ATP in the -----------------------pathway
Aerobic cellular Respiration
68
In Aerobic cellular Respiration ;
| -----------yields little ATP
Carbs
69
In Aerobic cellular Respiration;
| -------yield a lot of ATP
fats
70
In Aerobic cellular Respiration;
| -----------are not used readily (often not even included) when making the ATP
Proteins
71
At rest , cells of the body use ------------- -----------to generate their ATP in Aerobic cellular Respiration Pathway.
aerobic metabolism
72
In Aerobic cellular Respiration;
| In activities that last more than 10 mins, most 90% of the ATP generated comes from the aerobic system. T/F
True
73
Skeletal Muscle Fibre Types are different depending on ;
1. ----------
2. ----------
3. ----------
1. the speed at which they generate tension
2. how they use diff energy substrate
3. how they fatigue
74
There are 3 types of skeletal muscle :
1. --------------
2. --------------
3. -------------
1. Slow Oxidative(SO) Fibres
2. Fast Oxidative Glycolytic Fibres (FOG)
3. Fast Glycolytic Fibres (FG)
75
aka type 1 ,slow-twitch Fibres, recruited 1st -----------
Slow Oxidative Fibres (SO)
76
Fatigue resistant, skeletal muscle fibre type, used in endurance-type functions (e.g maintaining posture , running a marathon)called -------------------
Slow Oxidative Fibres (SO)
77
It has lots of mitochondria, myoglobin, capillaries, generate ATP via aerobic cellular respiration(e. oxygen is available)called -------------
Slow Oxidative Fibres (SO)
78
In the skeletal muscle fibres; With Immobilization, the atrophy is faster than Type II Fibres ------------------
Slow Oxidative Fibres (SO)
79
aka type IIa Fibres and recruited 2nd called ----------
Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic Fibres(FOG)
80
In the skeletal Muscle Fibre types; it moderately highly resistance to fatigue called -----------------
Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic Fibres(FOG)
81
It used in endurance (e.g walking) and short-duration functions (e.g sprinting) called -------
Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic Fibres(FOG)
82
Intermediate amounts of mitochondria,myoglobin, capillaries and generate ATP via Aerobic and anaerobic energy pathways.
Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic Fibres(FOG)
83
aka typeIIx Fibres, recruited 3rd called ------
Fast Glycolytic Fibres(FG)
84
In the skeletal muscle Fibre types, it has low resistance to fatigue called ------------
Fast Glycolytic Fibres(FG)
85
It is used in high intensity, short duration activities (e.g weight lifting, snap shot) and shorter-duration functions (e.g.sprinting) called-----------
Fast Glycolytic Fibres(FG)
86
In the skeletal muscle Fibre types, it is relatively low amounts of mitochondria, myoglobin, capillaries called ..------------
Fast Glycolytic Fibres(FG)
87
In the Skeletal muscle fibres, it generate ATP via anaerobic energy pathways (glycolysis) called---------
Fast Glycolytic Fibres(FG)
