Chapter 7- Myology Flashcards
There are 3 types of muscle tissues;
- Skeletal muscle (voluntary)
- Smooth muscle
- Cardiac muscle (smooth muscle as well)
The functions off the muscles :
- body movement
- substance movement
- control of substance movement
- Thermogenesis .e.g if you are cold then the muscle will contract to
produce heat.
What are the charateristics of muscle tissues:
- Electrical excitability
- Contractility
- Extensibility
- Elasticity
The ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals called————
Electrical excitability
Electrical signals produced are called————-
action potentials (AP) - part of the electrical excitability characteristic.
The ability of muscle tissue to generate tension/force when stimulated by AP called ———-
Contractility
The ability of muscle tissue to return to its original shape after contraction or stretch called ———
Elasticity
The ability of muscle to stretch (lengthen) without being damaged called —————–
notes that muscle can contact when stretched (e.g heart muscle)
Extensibility
Muscle Tissues
Specialized cells that use ———in the generation of force.
ATP
Skeletal muscle aka ———
striated muscle
Striations are alternating ———and ———bands that are characteristic of this muscle type.
Light
Dark `
Skeletal muscle is a ——————
voluntary /conscious control (also subject to involuntary control)
Hierarchy of Skeletal muscle organization :
- Muscle
- Fascicle
- Muscle Fibre (Muscle Cell)
- Myofibril
Skeletal muscle subdivided into —————, named and sized in ——–
- bundles of fascicles
- CM
Each Fascicle is made of many —————–and sized in —————-
muscle fibres ( 10-100 muscle fibre in each Fascicle), MM
Muscle fibre aka ————–
muscle cell
Muscle Fibres is ———-shape, size in ———–, filled with ———, multi————, and has lots of ———
cylindrical, um*100. myofibrils, multinucleated, mitochondria
Plasma cell of the muscle membrane called ———
Sarcolemma
The cytoplasm of the muscle fibres-lots of oxygen called —————-
Sarcoplasm
A protein that binds oxygen that has diffused into the muscle fibre and delivers it to the mitochondria.
Myoglobin
Tiny invaginations tunnel in from the sarclemma towards the Centre of the muscle fibre.
transverse tubules (T-tubules)
Sacrolemma;
sacro means———
lemma means ———
Flush
Sheath
Flush Sheath; it is the cell (plasma membrane of the muscle cell)
Muscle fibre has ;
1) lots of mitochondria
2) —————
3) —————
2) multinucleated (more than one neucleus)
3) filled with myofibrils
———-specialized contractile organelles of the muscles , sized in ————–, they extend the length of the muscle fibre.
Myofibrils
Um (in diameter)
Myofibrils are held in place by ——————–
Cytoskeletal protein
—————fluid filled tubes and sacs running along and surrounding each Myofibril- and store and release ——–into the cell (when it is needed )
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Calcium (important component in muscle contraction)
————contains a number of a Sarcomeres arranged in a series (end to end)
Myofibrils
———-the functional unit of Myofibril (of contraction)
Sarcomere
Sarcomere contains 2 contractile protein
- actin
2 Myosin
———–makes up a thin filaments
Actin
———–makes up a thick filaments
Myosin
Thick and thin filaments overlap and their interaction is what generates ———–
force/contraction
The overlap of the Sarcomere creates ——— and ——–strips which gives skeletal muscle its striated
Light
Dark
Neurological control
to generate tension, skeletal muscle cells must be stimulated by a nerve signal from a —————-
motor neuron = efferent neuron
Neurological control
a nerve cell that Stimulates muscles to contract called——–
motor neuron
Neurological control
The axon connects with the muscle- when it reaches the muscle, it branches out into a number of axon terminals. T/F
True
Neurological control
each axon terminal forms a junction called———————with the Sarcolemma of a number of different muscle cells.
neuromuscular junction
Neurological control
the axon terminal and the Sarcolemma never actually touch - there is a gap between them called the ——————-
Synaptic Cleft
Neurological control
When the signal arrives, it releases a neurotransmitter called —————–which crosses the ————-, stimulates the ———-and the muscle continues the signal.
Acetylcholine(ACh)
Synaptic cleft
Sarcolemma
Skeletal muscle contraction / The Sliding Filament Mechanism
once the signal reaches the muscle fibres, it crosses the ———, then the signal continued by the muscle ——- and spreads out across the ———-. It then travels down the ———–and stimulates the ———————to release———
Synaptic cleft Fibres (AP) Sarcolemma transverse tubules sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium
Skeletal muscle contraction / The Sliding Filament Mechanism
The calcium allows the ———–(—————-) to connect with the ——-(———–)
myosin (thick filament)
actin (thin filament)
Skeletal muscle contraction / The Sliding Filament Mechanism
the Myosin pulls the ———filaments together ,
It ———and starts the cycle again, this ratcheting of the filaments uses ——-. With Repetition, it shortens the ———, ———-, ———-,———–
actin/thin
disengages
ATP
Sarcomere, Myofibril , muscle fibre, and the muscle
Skeletal muscle contraction / The Sliding Filament Mechanism
When the APs stop , the sarcoplasmic reticulum pumps ———-back inside (which uses ATP)
calcium
Skeletal muscle contraction / The Sliding Filament Mechanism
Without sufficient ———, the thick filaments can’t continue their ————of the thins filaments. then ——————-stops or muscle ——-
calcium
ratcheting
tension generation
relaxes
the motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fibres it innervate a called ———–
motor unit
Skeletal muscle fibers need to vary the levels at which they consume ATP . T/F
True
Muscle fibres store enough ATP that last up to 3 seconds . T/F
True
The production of ATP in muscle fibres has 3 energy pathways through which more ATP can be generated:
- Creatine Phosphate
- Anaerobic Glycolysis
- Aerobic cellular respiration
It is anaerobic alactic aka
Creatine phosphate, ATP-Pcr, Phosphocreatine
—————–it is a molecule that stores high amounts of energy in its chemical bonds.
Creatine phosphate
When the Pcr is split by——-then the energy released is used to —————–
Enzyme
reform ATP
It happens very fast, it is the first source of energy when muscle contraction ————-, provides energy for —————of maximal contraction , no oxygen needed and lactic acid is produced.
The pathway called ——–
begins
3-15 seconds
Pcr (Creatine Phosphate )
anaerobic lactic aka ————
Anaerobic Glycolysis
When muscle activity continues continues and Pcr depleted ———-is used to make ——–
glucose
ATP
THe process of making ATP from glucose occurs in the cell cytoplasm is called —–
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is broken into 2 molecules of ————and ———–
Pyruvic acid
2-3 ATP
Pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria where it undergoes a series of reactions (that require ———-) called ———————.
During heavy exercise/ demand , not enough ——– is available
oxygen
aerobic cellular respiration
Oxygen
In the abscess of Oxygen, ———-acid does not go into the mitochondria - it is converted into ———- then it get diffuses out of the cell into the blood
pyruvic
lactic acid/lactate
No oxygen is required and producing lactic acid called ——
it is capable of supplying energy for ———-
anaerobic lactic
30-40 seconds
Lactic Acid/Lactate + ———-
Hydrogen (H) which burns
a metabolic by product of anaerobic glycolysis called —————–
lactic acid/lactate
In the lactic acid/lactate pathway;
at lower level of activity, any lactate produced is consumed by other muscle fibres, less active nearby muscles, and the heart so lactate does not accumulate. T/F
True
lactic acid/lactate pathway;
It is where the lactate do is converted back into glucose/glycogen in the liver called ———
the Cori cycle
lactic acid/lactate Pathway;
Lactic acid has a 1/2 life of 15-25 mins and is cleared in a matter of hours.T/F
True
This Pathway is active when you are able to get oxygen into the cells (e.g at rest or at Lowe-moderate intensity exercise) called —————-
Aerobic cellular respiration
Oxygen is delivered by ————-or from oxygen diffusing from the blood in the presence of oxygen, ———-acid enters the mitochondria and in a series of reactions (that use oxygen), produces much more ——-(much more than glycolysis)
Myoglobin
Pyruvic
ATP
Carbs, Fats and proteins can be used in the process of making ATP in the ———————–pathway
Aerobic cellular Respiration
In Aerobic cellular Respiration ;
———–yields little ATP
Carbs
In Aerobic cellular Respiration;
——-yield a lot of ATP
fats
In Aerobic cellular Respiration;
———–are not used readily (often not even included) when making the ATP
Proteins
At rest , cells of the body use ————- ———–to generate their ATP in Aerobic cellular Respiration Pathway.
aerobic metabolism
In Aerobic cellular Respiration;
In activities that last more than 10 mins, most 90% of the ATP generated comes from the aerobic system. T/F
True
Skeletal Muscle Fibre Types are different depending on ;
- the speed at which they generate tension
- how they use diff energy substrate
- how they fatigue
There are 3 types of skeletal muscle :
- Slow Oxidative(SO) Fibres
- Fast Oxidative Glycolytic Fibres (FOG)
- Fast Glycolytic Fibres (FG)
aka type 1 ,slow-twitch Fibres, recruited 1st ———–
Slow Oxidative Fibres (SO)
Fatigue resistant, skeletal muscle fibre type, used in endurance-type functions (e.g maintaining posture , running a marathon)called ——————-
Slow Oxidative Fibres (SO)
It has lots of mitochondria, myoglobin, capillaries, generate ATP via aerobic cellular respiration(e. oxygen is available)called ————-
Slow Oxidative Fibres (SO)
In the skeletal muscle fibres; With Immobilization, the atrophy is faster than Type II Fibres ——————
Slow Oxidative Fibres (SO)
aka type IIa Fibres and recruited 2nd called ———-
Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic Fibres(FOG)
In the skeletal Muscle Fibre types; it moderately highly resistance to fatigue called —————–
Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic Fibres(FOG)
It used in endurance (e.g walking) and short-duration functions (e.g sprinting) called ——-
Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic Fibres(FOG)
Intermediate amounts of mitochondria,myoglobin, capillaries and generate ATP via Aerobic and anaerobic energy pathways.
Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic Fibres(FOG)
aka typeIIx Fibres, recruited 3rd called ——
Fast Glycolytic Fibres(FG)
In the skeletal muscle Fibre types, it has low resistance to fatigue called ————
Fast Glycolytic Fibres(FG)
It is used in high intensity, short duration activities (e.g weight lifting, snap shot) and shorter-duration functions (e.g.sprinting) called———–
Fast Glycolytic Fibres(FG)
In the skeletal muscle Fibre types, it is relatively low amounts of mitochondria, myoglobin, capillaries called ..————
Fast Glycolytic Fibres(FG)
In the Skeletal muscle fibres, it generate ATP via anaerobic energy pathways (glycolysis) called———
Fast Glycolytic Fibres(FG)
