Chapter 6- The nervous sys-Part 1 Flashcards
There’re are 3 functions of the nervous system:
1———–
2———–
3———–
- Sensory (detection and input)
- Integrative ( 1. processing/storing/analyzing of sensory info
2. decision making) - Motor (output)
how does the process for a muscle respond to a nerve impulses ?
- Sensory Receptor ( responds to a stimulus by producing a
a receptor potential) that goes to - Sensory Neuron (axon conducts impulses from the receptor to the
integrating Centre) - Integrating Centre (relay impulses from sensory to motor neurons)
- Motor Neurons ( Axon conducts impulses from integrating Centre
to effector) - Effector (muscle that responds to motor nerve impulses)
- ————2.————-3.————-
are involved in the relay of sensory stimuli, ————–, such as perception and motor activities.
- Graded potential
- Nerve action potential
- Muscle action potential
- integrative function
What is interneuron ? and what they do ?
- It is called a relay neuron , create neural circuits, enabling
communication between sensory or motor neurons and the
CNS. Found between ( afferent and efferent neuron)
The Nervous tissue is designed for ————-
communication
The nervous tissue has 2 cells :
1) ———–
2) ———–
1) Neuroglia
2) Neurons
The 3 functions of the Neuroglia;
- Support
- Nourish
- Protect
With Injury /disease, ————- multiply to fill the spaces formerly occupied by neurons
Neuroglia
The Neuroglia has 4 types of cells:
- Astrocytes
- Oligodendrocytes
- Microglia
- Ependymal
Provides ———– to the neurons , help form the BBB(———) ; it is called ——–cytes. Located in the ——– and acts as a ———— and it is made from ———-
- nutrition
- Blood Brain Barrier
- Astrocytes
- CNS
- Bodyguard
- Neuroglial cells
————protects the brain from harmful substances, thick ————- , tight junction. Also, prevents the passage of ———— from the blood and the brain
and its surrounding fluid).
Blood-Brain Barrier
basement membrane
materials
————form/maintain the myelin sheath of the CNS neurons.
- Oligodendrocytes- it hugs the MYELIN SHEATH
Olig = few, dendride = branches
————Phagocytotic cells ( similar to tissue macrophages), they remove debris, phagocytize microbes.
Microglia
What is CFS ? and what does it do ?
- It is a cerebrospinal fluid, it is clear colorless fluid that
circulates around the brain and spinal cord. It protects the
brain and spinal cord from injury.
———-cells that encircle axons in the ———-.
Schawnn cells
PNS
———form Myelin sheath of ——-axons.
Schawnn cells, PNS
————-are involved in the regeneration(after injury) of PNS axons.
Schwann cells
Schawnn cells (do not have branches), It is a ————of the ——–?
-Neuroglia of the PNS
The two main division of the nervous system are:
1) —————which consist of the ——- and ——–
2) ——————which consist of all the ——— ——-outside the ——.
- CNS (central nervous system) , Brain , Spinal cord
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) , nervous, tissue outside
the CNS
Neurons are ——–cells , It has 3 types of cells
1.
2.
3.
- nerve
1. Dendrite
2. Cell Body ( aka soma, perikaryon)
3. Axon
——-input portion of the neuron, it has single or multiple extensions off the cell body.
Dendrite
——-contains lots of receptor sites for receiving chemical messages
Dendrite
———contains the nucleus and other organelles, and a act as cell processes (e.g- synthesize protein)
Cell body (aka soma, perikaryon)
———-a thin cylindrical process off the cell body , it is the output portion of the neuron.
Axon
The ends of an axon divides into many fine processes called ——– ————
axon terminals
—————-the swollen ends of some axon terminals
Synaptic end bulb
some axons are ——-
myelinated
————-a multilayered lipid and protein covering that speeds up the signal (action potential)
-Myelin
Axons coated in myelin are called ———
myelinated axons
One of the causes of Multiple Sclerosis is malfunction of the ——— ———where the immune system keeps attacking or eating up the ——- ——–
Myelin Sheath
Neurons posses ——– excitability
Possess electrical excitability
———-Respond to stimulus and convert it to AP
Neurons
———any change in the environment (internal or external ) that is strong enough to stimulate an AP.
Stimulus
————–an electrical signal that travels along the cell membrane of a neuron, travels at different speeds, and communicate over a very small or very great distances.
Action Potential
————vary in size and shape
Neurons
Structurally neurons are classified according to the number of———-extending from the —— ——.
- processes
- cell body
What are the 3 Structures of neurons:
- multipolar
- bipolar
- unipolar
———-several dendrites and one axon, most neurons in the brain, spinal cod and all motor neurons.
Multipolar
———one main dendrite and one axon
Bipolar ( found in the retina, inner ear and olfactory)
————-central axon has axon terminals
Unipolar
————peripheral axon has sensory receptor
Unipolar
Sensory neurons in the PNS are ———
Unipolar
The classifications of neurons are classified based on the direction of in which ——— is conducted with respect to the CNS, the classifications are:
1) ———-
2) ———-
3) ———-
AP
- sensory neurons
- motor neurons
- interneurons
Sensory Neurons a.k.a ——— neurons, most are ———
- Afferent
2. Unipolar
Sensory neurons travel together in ——–and ———nerves
- spinal
- cranial
Sensory neurons located either at the——ends or are located just after sensory receptor that are ————-
- dendritic
- separate cells
In the sensory neurons once activated by a stimulus, the AP ———and——-along the axon and conveyed into the CNS (via sensory or afferent neurons)
- forms
- propagates
Motor Neurons aka——-, and most are ——-
- efferent neurons
- multipolar
In motor Neurons the , AP propagates ——-from the CNS to effector (via —– or —————).
Effectors are —— and ——–
- away
- motor
- efferent neurons
- cells and organs (e.d muscle fibres, glands)
Interneurons aka ————–, and most are ———
- association neurons
- multipolar
Interneurons integrate/process info from the ———
sensory neurons
In Interneurons, if motor response is required, the specifics of the response are ——, and relevant motor neurons are ——-
- formulated
- activated
Neurons are classified according to the ———in which the AP is conducted with respect to the CNS
AP
The site of communication between 2 neurons or between a neuron and another type of a cell is called ——-
Synapses
There are 2 type of Synapses:
- Electrical
2. Chemical
AP conduct directly between plasma membranes of adjacent cells through gap junctions called ———–
Electrical Synapses
Electrical synapses are faster than ——-, and it allows for ————–
- Chemical
- synchronization of function
Chemical Synapses;
The neuron sending a signal called———-
pre-synaptic neuron
Chemical Synapses:
The neuron receiving the signal called ——-
post-synaptic neuron
Chemical Synapses:
The space between the communicating neurons called——
Synaptic cleft
Chemical Synapses:
A chemical released by the pre-synaptic neuron to affect (excite or inhibit)the post-synaptic neuron(s) or effector (muscle/gland) called ———
neurotransmitter
NT receptors are specific to the NT released (think lock and key) True/False
True
Chemical Synapses:
Neurons communicate with other ——at ———, which are junctions between one neuron and second neuron or an ——-
- neurons
- synapses
- effector cell
Chemical Synapses processes:
When AP reaches the end of the —————, it causes a release of ————that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to the ———————
- pre-synaptic neuron
- neurotransmitter
- post-synaptic neuron.
Chemical Synapses processes:
if the neuron is excitatory, continuation of the AP is ——-
if the neuron is inhibitory, continuation of the AP is ——-
- more likely
- less likely
Chemical Synapses are slower than electrical synapses T/F
True
Common Neurotransmitters :
PNS/CNS, excitatory at NMJ(neuromuscular junction) called ——-
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Common Neurotransmitters :
CNS, inhibitory called ——-
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Common Neurotransmitters :
Excitatory or inhibitory (depending on the receptor), emotional responses, addictive behaviors, skeletal muscle tone called —-
Dopamine
Common Neurotransmitters :
Excitatory or inhibitory (depending on the receptor), sensory perception, temperature regulation, mood, sleep, appetite called —————
serotonin
There are 2 main subdivision of the nervous system:
1.————
2————
- CNS (central nervous system)
2. PNS(peripheral nervous system)
CNS consist of ———
- Brain
2. Spinal cord
PNS consist of —————–
-all nervous tissue outside the CNS,
e.g (cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia, enteric plexus in a
small intestine, sensory receptors in the skin)
