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Physiology- Sutherland-Chan-Term1 > Chapter 3 - Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What does the the Epithelial tissues offer ?

A

It offers

  1. Functions
  2. Locations
  3. Structures
  4. Blood Supply
  5. Basement membrane
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2
Q

What is the classifications of Epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Layering

2. Shaping

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3
Q

What are the two glandular epithelium?

A
  1. Exocrine

2. Endocrine

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4
Q

how does the endocrine works ?

A
  1. Secrete products into the interstitial fluid and diffuse directly
    into the blood stream without flow through a duct.
    • e.g pituitary glands, thyroid, adrenals.
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5
Q

How does the exocrine glands works?

A
  • secrete their products into ducts(tubes) that empty
    onto the epithelial surface e.g sweat(stratified cuboidal
    tissue) , salivary glands, intestinal
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6
Q

What kind of layering does the epithelial tissues has?

A
  1. Simple - one layer for the passage of substances
    - involves in (Osmosis, filtration, Absorption, Diffusion
    and Secretion)
    - e.g simply squamous epithelial tissue (O2 of the lungs
    and blood )
    - lining of the heart and the blood vessels
  2. pseudo-stratified- a single layer but not all the cells reach the free
    surface , some have cilia, some will secrete mucous (goblet cells
    are type of cell found in the respiratory and digestive tracts that
    secret mucous)
  3. Stratified - more than one layer ,
    - good for protection-
    e.g skin basement membrane ( the skin is stratified
    squamous)
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7
Q

list the shapes of the Epithelial tissue?

A

1.Squamous- flat and thin (narrow with a wide plate-like surface
area.
- rapid movement of substances (simple)
- protection (stratified)-
e.g skin (stratified squamous)
2. Cuboidal - cube or hexagon shaped
- free surface may have Microvilli
- good for secretion or absorption
e.g sweat glands-stratified cuboidal
3. Columnar - taller than wide.
- free surface may have cilia or Microvilli.
- good for either absorption or secretion.

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8
Q

What is the Definition of tissue and how many kinds?

A
  • Tissue is a group of similar cells that function together
    (similar function) to perform specialized activities.
    There are 4 major groups of tissues:
    1. Epithelial - covers body surfaces, line organs,hollow lining, forms
      glands, protect organs from acidity.
    2. Connective - supporting and connecting
      e.g bone, cartilage, blood and adipose tissue
    3. Muscular - contract cells - moving muscles, limbs, heart from
      one cell to another.
    4. Nervous- make up of the nervous system..
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9
Q

What is simple squamous epithelium tissue particularly well suited for?

A

Simple squamous epithelium, due to their structure, are very useful in the process of ;
- transmembrane diffusion, allowing certain molecules to freely move
through the membrane of the cell,
- as well as lining cavities and the internal spaces of vessels.

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10
Q

give examples of simple squamous ? and its use?

A
  1. The glomeruli of the kidneys
  2. Lymph vessels
  3. Lining the chambers of the heart
  • Uses;
    1. Transmembrane diffusion
    2. lining spaces of vessels & the internal cavities
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11
Q

What does it mean if cells are simple?

A

There is only a single layer of cells.

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12
Q

Simple squamous epithelium includes ____ layer of _________ cells.

A

one layer of flattened

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13
Q

The four functions of epithelial tissues? (hint; PEAS)

A
  1. protection,
  2. excretion,
  3. absorption,
  4. secretion
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14
Q

what describes epithelial tissues?

A
  1. It has no blood vessels (avascular)

2. It has a nerve supply (neural)

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15
Q

What are the four characteristics of epithelial tissue ?

A
  1. covers the body surface
  2. lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts
  3. forms glands
  4. composed of cells that are arranged in continuous sheets(single or
    multiple layers) to cover all free surfaces
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16
Q

What is the function of the Epithelial tissue? (HINT:PSS)

A
  1. selective barriers (skin)
  2. secretory surfaces (mucous glands)
  3. protective surfaces (skin)
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17
Q

What are the six locations of the epithelial tissue in the body?

A
  1. skin
  2. gastrointestinal tract
  3. respiratory tract
  4. urinary tract
  5. lining of blood vessels and the heart
  6. glands
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18
Q

What is the structure of the Epithelial tissue? (HINT; FLB)

A
  1. free surface (aka apical(vertical on top))
  2. lateral surfaces
  3. basal surfaces
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19
Q

Does the Epithelial tissue has a blood supply?

A
  1. epithelial tissue is avascular ( it has no blood supply)

2. epithelial tissue has a nerve supply

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of the basement membrane ?

A
  1. a thin layer that anchors to the epithelial cells to the
    underlying connective tissue
  2. supports the epithelium
  3. provides a surface for cell migration during growth or wound
    healing.

e.g thickening of the basement membrane can affect the B/P, Vision &
Diabetes.

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21
Q

What is the connective tissue made of ? and its properties?

A
  1. made of extracellular matrix ( the material between the cells)
  2. cells
    • most CT has;
      • blood supplies
      • nerve supplies
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22
Q

Give examples of connective tissues?

A
  1. tendons (muscle to bone) which are hypo-vascular
    (less blood flow and less delivery of nutrients)
  2. cartilage is neural and avascular
  3. ligaments( bone to bone )
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23
Q

What is the 6 functions of the connective tissue?

HINT; PSBITE

A
  1. protection
  2. support/definition
  3. binding
  4. transportation
  5. energy
  6. immunity
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24
Q

What does the extracellular materials made of or contains?

A

It contains;

  1. protein fibers (collagen ,elastin and reticular)
  2. ground substance (more of a ground substance/fluid like gel)
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25
Q

What does the protein fibers made of ?

A
  1. collagen - white
    - very strong,
    - resist pulling(tensile)forces
    note- fibre arrangement is determined by the force
    acting on the fibers.
  2. elastin - yellow
    - smaller than collagen
    - strong but stretchy
  3. reticular - thin
    - fine collagen fibers that form branching network
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26
Q

What does the ground substance made of ?

A
  1. maybe fluid- gel like or calcified
  2. supports the cells and through it the substances are
    exchanged between the blood and the cells.
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27
Q

There are 6 kinds of connective tissues , list them & identify them ?

A
  1. blasts- each major type of cells with name ending in - blasts
    - fibroblasts in loose and dense CT(reticular, elastin,
    collagen and ground substance)
    - osteoblasts in bone- Precusors for bone
    - chondroblasts in cartilage
  2. Fibroblasts (secreting fibers)
    • present in all general CT
    • produce protein fibers and the ground substance
  3. Macrophages - eat bacteria and cellular debris
  4. Plasma cells - part of the immune response (secrete antibodies_
    e.g salivary glands, lymphoid, red bone marrow)
    5.Mast Cells - make histamine (part of the inflammatory response)
    dilate vessels
  5. Adipose - cells that store fat.
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28
Q

What are the 5 types of connective tissues? (HINT: LLBCD)

A
  1. Loose (Aerolase, adipose, reticular)
  2. Dense (regular, irregular, elastic)
  3. Bone
  4. Cartilage (hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic)
  5. Liquid (blood, Lymph)
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29
Q

What are the properties of the loose connective tissues and how many types does it has ?(HINT; AAR)

A

Properties- more cells and fewer fibers
- fiber are loosely intertwined

There are 3 types of of loose connective tissues;
1. areolar - most widely distributed CT in the body
(universal packing, glue)
- location - in and around everybody structure
(beneath the skin, around blood vessels, nerves
and body organs)
- function- strength, elasticity and support
2. Adipose - areolar tissue that contains a lot of adipose
- location - beneath the skin and around some organs
e.g ; kidney, liver, heart, behind eyeball
- function- thermoregulation, energy, support and
protection.
3. Reticular - locations- liver, spleen, lymph nodes, basement
membrane, around blood vessels and muscles.
- function - forms the supporting framework of organs
- binds smooth muscle cells
- filters and removes old blood cells and
microbes

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30
Q

How many type the dense CT has ? and what it’s function and purpose ? (HINT RIE)

A

D.CT - more fibers (mostly collagen), fewer cells.
types ; 1. regular
2. irregular
3. elastic
1. Regular - collagen is arranged in parallel patterns
- locations; tendons(muscle to bone) and most
ligaments(bone to bone).
- function; - very strong and somewhat pliable structure
2. Irregular - collagen arranged in random/ irregular patterns
- locations - fascia , structure, support
- function - tensile (pulling strength in many directions)
3. elastic - high elastin content
- locations; lung tissue, arteries, ligaments between
vertebrae.
- function; stretch and recoil

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31
Q

What is osseous tissue ? and what it’s role and function ?

A

Bone is type of the CT and aka Osseous and it has ;
1. fewer cells with large amounts of collagen fiber.
2. the matrix is filled with calcium phosphate salts which make
it very hard.
3. function; protection, support, movement.

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32
Q

Cartilage is one type of the CT , list its types and function?

A
  1. resilient
  2. cells are called chondrocytes
  3. ground substance has large amounts of collagen and
    contains elastin fiber
  4. avascular, aneural.

It has 3 types ; 1. Hyaline Cartilage

                        2. Fibrocartilage
                        3. elastic cartilage
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33
Q

Identify the hyaline cartilage ?

A
  1. most common cartilage on the body
  2. blue-white appearance
  3. locations - ends of bones, parts of ribs, tip of nose, parts of the
    throat and lungs, fetal skeleton.
    4.function- flexibility
    - support
    - friction reduction
    - shock absorption
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34
Q

Identify the Fibrocartilage?

A

-locations- between vertebrae (intervertebral discs) , pubic
symphysis, meniscus
-function - support

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35
Q

Identify the elastic Cartilage?

A
  • has elastin fibers
  • locations - epiglottis, part of the external ear
  • function - support and flexibility while maintains the shape
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36
Q

Identify the types of the liquid CT ?

A
  1. blood - cells surrounded by a fluid ECM called plasma
    - cells; rbc, wbc and platelets (help clotting)
    - function - transport sys.
  2. lymph - a plasma-like fluid in lymphatic vessels
    - functions in immunity, transportation, fluid regulation.
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37
Q

Identify the muscle tissue and its types?

A
  • specialized cells that use ATP in the generation of force
    3 types ; 1. skeletal
    2. smooth
    3. cardiac
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38
Q

Identify the skeletal MT?

A
  1. aka strained muscle
  2. compartmentalized by CT, attached to the skeleton (some
    attached to the skin )e.g the face
  3. cell structure - cells are cylindrical and can be quite long
  4. function - movement and heat production
  5. conscious/voluntary control
39
Q

Identify the smooth MT type and its functions?

A
  1. found in the walls of hollow tubes (lungs, blood vessels,
    stomach, intestines)
  2. involuntary control
  3. cell structure- spindle shaped
  4. function - constriction of tubes
    - movement of substances through the tubes.
40
Q

Identify the Cardiac MT?

A 
1. cell structure - branched striated fibers that fit tightly 
                              together
2. function - blood flow/propulsion
3. found only in the heart
4. involuntary control
41
Q

what is the MT that is striated, Cylindrical cell shape and conscious voluntary?

A

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

42
Q

What is MT that is smooth , involuntary and has a spindle cell shape?

A

Smooth Muscle tissue

43
Q

What is the MT that is involuntary, striated and it has a cylindrical branches cell shape ?

A

Cardiac muscle tissue

44
Q

What is the Nervous Tissue and its types?

A
  1. designed for communication
    2 types of cells
    1. Neuroglia
    2. neurons
45
Q

What is the tissue that supports, nourish and protect the NT?

A

-Neuroglia

46
Q

What are the neurons and its types?

A
  • neurons are nerve cells,
    It has 3 types:
    1. Dendrite
    • structure - multiple or single extensions off the cell body
    • function - it is the input portion of the neuron
      1. Cell Body (aka soma, perikaryon)
    • structure - contains the nucleus and other organelles
    • function - cell processes (e.g protein synthesis)
      1. Axon - a thin cylindrical process of the cell body
        • function - it is the output portion of the neuron
47
Q

In the human body, extracellular matrix can be anything from bone, cartilage, blood plasma, or even a mix of extracellular proteins and fibers? True Or False

A

True

48
Q

Fibrous connective tissue which is composed mainly of dense fibers made of parallel bundles of collagen, which is an extracellular protein that forms rope-like filaments with great tensile strength? True or False

A

True

49
Q

In connective tissue, the single collagen fibers combine in groups of three and twist around each other in a very similar manner to the way that traditional ropes are made.True or False

A

True

50
Q

What is the triple fiber called ?.

A

a tropocollagen helix and it is bundled together in parallel with thousands of other tropocollagen helices to make a collagenous fiber. eg. tendon, ligaments

51
Q

Cartilage which is a tough yet flexible solid extracellular tissue that is part of the skeletal system. True or False?

A

True

52
Q

Mature cartilage-producing cells called chondrocytes can be found embedded throughout the cartilage. In this picture, cartilage is stained pink, and you can see several chondrocytes scattered throughout the tissue? True or False

A

True

53
Q 
Loose connective tissue is used as ; 
1. a base for epithelial tissues and as 
2. filler between tissues and 
3. around organs 
to maintain their structure, keep them connected, and keep them in their proper  places ? True or False and give an example
A

True , prostate glands

54
Q

loose connective tissue are cells called fibroblasts which are cells found in the extracellular matrix ? True or False , where does it secrete? what color are they ?

A
  • True
  • It secretes matrix proteins.
  • These darker blue spots in the connective tissue here are
    fibroblast nuclei.
  • Fibroblasts are the cells that create and maintain the
    extracellular matrix, but they do more than just that, they are also
    necessary for ; - wound repair,
    - tissue remodeling,
    - tissue expansion.
55
Q

Loose connective tissue gets its name from the loose connection of fibers that it contains including elastic fibers ? what is it made of ?

A

-made of elastin which is an extracellular protein with elastic
properties. Loose connective tissue also contains lots of
collagen fibers

56
Q

Loose connective tissue also contains lots of collagen fibers Because collagen is such a key component of connective tissue, it has been widely used by cosmetic surgeons and others to fill-in facial areas to reduce wrinkles and give skin a fuller, tighter appearance? True or False

A

True

57
Q

One very specific type of loose connective tissue is the basement membrane, which is the well-defined layer of extracellular matrix that serves as a base for epithelial tissues. ? True or false

A

True

58
Q

A young person comes into a doctor’s office with severe arthritis in his joints, floppy-looking ears and a strangely shaped nose. Based only on these three observations, what type of connective tissue is functioning abnormally in this person?

A
  • Cartilage Tissue
59
Q

High tensile strength is a characteristic of which type of tissue?

A
  • Fibrous connective tissue
60
Q

Which of these cells does not secrete extracellular matrix components? (fibroblasts, Osteocytes, chondrocytes, fat cells)

A

Fat cells

61
Q

Which of the following is not a type of connective tissue? ( blood, bone, fat, muscle, tendons)

A

muscle

62
Q

Where does the Collagen is found ?

A

loose connective tissue

63
Q

Consist of cells in an extracellular matrix?

A

connective tissue

64
Q

what does Fibroblasts produce?

A

collagen , elastin and reticular fibers

65
Q

What are the 5 type of connective tissues ? (HINT: LBCD)

A

1- loose

  1. dense
  2. bone
  3. cartilage
  4. blood
66
Q

What determines/makes up the cellular matrix ?

A
  • the types of cells and what the cells produce determine the
    different characteristics of the connective tissue
67
Q

Fascia is a connective tissue but not all connective tissue is fascia? T/F

A

True , Fascia is a connective tissue but not all connective tissue is fascia

68
Q

A connective tissue that is often referred to as adipose tissue and where is it located ?

A
  • Superficial Fascia

- located beneath the skin

69
Q

The connective tissues that suspend the organs within their cavities and wraps them in layers of connective tissue membranes?

A
  • Subserous (visceral) Fascia
70
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue that gives form and support for underlying organs- can have areolar connective tissue continuous with it ?

A
  • Deep Fascia ( irregular dense tissue)

- usually wrapped around the muscle

71
Q

list the functions of fascia?(HINT: CCFS)

A
  1. support and definition
  2. compartmentalization
  3. force transmission
  4. connection
72
Q

the support and structure that muscles and fascia give to the body enable posture and therefore function ?

A

Tensegritty

73
Q

correct the tension in a cable and you can positively affect the overall structure and function ?

A

Tensegrity

74
Q

Inappropriate changes in the tension cable (muscle and fascia) and you can negatively affect the overall structure and function ?

A

Tensegrity

75
Q

The musculoskeletal system is strengthened the unison of tensioned (muscles and CT) and compressed (bone) parts?

A

Tensegrity

76
Q

The forces that pour bodies are subjected to throughout the day requires continuous shift in tension ?

A

Tensegrity

77
Q

The fascia is a connective tissue that is in constant state of change and adaption? True / Flase

A

True

78
Q

The fascia is a process that slows down as we age ? True/ False

A

True

79
Q

Fascia can become more fluid-like or more gel-like (depending on the stimulus)?True/False

A

True

80
Q

The fascia adaptability allows it to respond to appropriately to wound healing and new growth ? True/False

A

True

81
Q

List the 2 mechanisms in which the fascia adapts ?

A
  1. Thixotropy

2. Bonding

82
Q

The property of gels or fluids of becoming fluid when stirred or shaken and more solid when at rest? ( there is considerable debate about whether or not this property applies to fascia ?

A

Thixotropy

83
Q

As therapiest preparing the fascia prior to treatment makes our treatment more effective ? T/F

A

True

84
Q

The tissues are warmed and stretched before and soothed after the technique is applied ?

A

Thixotropy

85
Q

When Fascia is more adaptable, durable and healthier ?

A

when is a more appropriate less-viscous state when warmed and/or with movement.

86
Q

When fascia is not in a healthy state?

A
  • less active
  • with disuse fascia loses its pliability
  • tissue is not as healthy
  • with aging
  • assuming postures which encourage a more gel-like state
87
Q

What is bonding ?

A
  • it is the bond between molecules are what help make a
    collagen fiber.
  • fibers will bond together to give the tissue structure.
88
Q

the connections are beneficial for bonding and necessary for wound healing, tissue strength, and tissue adaptation ?
True / False

A

True

89
Q

how does bad bonding occurs ?

A
  1. with dehydration
  2. happens in the areas of high stress
  3. happens in the area of compression
  4. happens in the area of disuse
  5. areas thicken
  6. areas stiffen
    - lose their ability to move & limit function
    - collagen fibers will pack tightly and will form more and more
    bonds
90
Q

What are clinical implications of fascia ?

A
  • fascia needs to be challenged to effect a change
  • restrictions in one segment of fascia can affect other
    segments.
  • the site of dysfunction is not necessarily the source of
    dysfunction.
91
Q

what is the Immobilization/ inactivity for the clinical implications of fascia?

A
  • tissue is fragile
  • adhesions from decreasing function
  • inactivity - weakens the tissue
92
Q

how does the age effect the fascia in the clinical implications ?

A
  • tensile strength decreases with age

- adaptive capabilities decreases as well

93
Q

how does the medications affect the fascia under the clinical implications?

A
  • can lead to locally and/or systemically weakened the tissue
    (creates little tear to the tissue)

Physiology- Sutherland-Chan-Term1 (14 decks)

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