Chapter 6 - Nervous Sys-Part-2 Flashcards
the brain and spinal cord are part of the ——
CNS
- Cranial nerves and their branches,
- Spinal nerves and their branches
- Ganglia
- Enteric plexuses
- Sensor receptors
are all part of the ……………………nervous system
PNS (potential nervous system)
a cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS ———
Nucleus
a cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS ———
Ganglion
A bundle of axons in the CNS called ———
tract
Interconnect neurons in the spinal cord and brain called ———-
tracts
A bundle of Axons in the PNS called —–
nerve
Peripheral nerves connect the spinal cord to the——-
Periphery
Cranial nerves connect the brain to the ——–
periphery
Collections of cell bodies and unmyelinated nerve fibres in the CNS
Grey matter
Collections of myelinated axons on the CNS
White matter
What is the structure of the nervous sys;
- CNS
2. PNS
CNS- Spinal Cord
encased in the ———-
Vertebrae (bones of the spine)
CNS- Spinal Cord
Extends from the bottom part of the brain stem to ——–
L2 (2nd lumbar vertebra)
CNS- Spinal Cord
At L2 it tapers into a structure called the———
conus medullaris
CNS- Spinal Cord
The roots of the spinal nerves below the conus medullaris called ——————
cauda equina
CNS- Spinal Cord (Structure)
————surrounding an inner core of grey matter
White matter
CNS- Spinal Cord (Structure)
2 grooves that divide the white matter into right and left sides called ————–
Anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus
CNS- Spinal Cord (Structure)
a small tube in the centre of the spinal cord (SC) that contains CSF called ———–
central canal
In Grey Matter each side is divided into regions called ——–
horns
Posterior called horns; it is the axon of —————and ————-in the Gray Matter
incoming sensory neurons and interneurons
Anterior horn in the gray matter called——- in the Grey matter
motor nuclei , where neurons are leaving
Lateral horn in the Grey matter are found in the;
1.———–
2.———-
3.———-
and they contain the ————- ———.
- thoracic
- upper lumbar
- sacral portion
- sympathetic nuclei
In the White matter each side is divided into regions called ———–
columns
The white matter has 3 regions;
- Anterior (aka ventral) columns
- Posterior (aka dorsal) columns
- Lateral columns
In the White matter each columns consist of ———(——) that have common region or destination.
axons (tracts)
In the White matter,————–tracts consist of axon that conduct APs toward the brain.
Sensory (ascending)
brain
In the White matter,————–tracts consist of axon that conduct APs away from the brain.
motor (aka descending)
There are 4 structure to the brain:
- brain stem
- cerebellum
- diencephalon
- cerebrum
Continuos with the spinal cord (SC) it is the part between the SC and the diencephalon called———-
the brain stem
There are 3 regions to the brain stem:
Those regions contain the ———————-
- Medulla Oblongata
- Pons
- Midbrain
the nuclei of specific cranial nerves
The net-like reticular formation extends through the ———-
brain stem
Brain stem:
Contains centers (nuclei) for the control of heart, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing and vomiting called————
Medulla Oblongata
Brain stem
contains centres for the control of breathing
Pons
Brain Stem
contain centers for reflex visual activities (e.g. tracking moving objects, scanning stationary objects), hearing called ——
Midbrain
In the Midbrain contains a nuclei called the ————– ———- neuron that make dopamine extend from it.
substantial nigra ( where dopamine is made)
Brain Stem
The Retucula formation a net like formation of neural tissue that spreads throughout the brain stem contains the ————which help to perform 4 functions;
(RAS) Reticular activating system
- consciousness
- maintain attention
- prevent sensory overload by filtering out insignificant information
- regulate muscle tone
—————is posterior to the brain stem
Cerebellum
——————-smoothest and coordinate skeletal muscle contraction and regulates posture and balance.
Cerebellum
Diencephalon contains 3 parts:
- Hypothalamus
- Thalamus
- epithalamus
————is the major relay station for most sensory input to the cerebral cortex.
Thalamus
—————contains the pineal gland, and involved in smelling (especially emotional responses to smells) and secreted melatonin
Epithalamus
—————–major regulator of homeostasis, hormone production, eating, drinking, body temp, controls and integrate the autonomic nervous system(ans) , emotion and behavior(with limbic system), circadian rhythm.
Hypothalamus
Diencephalon
(a 24 hour cycle in the biochemical, physiological and/or behavioral processes of living things) called —————found in the ——————
Circadian Rhythm
Hypothalamus
—————–2 halves or hemispheres (right and left)
cerebrum
Cerebrum consists of:
An outer rim of ——————–(————–)
and it has an inner region of ———————
grey matter (cerebral cortex) white matter
———–has a gray matter nuclei deep within the white
Cerebrum
Cerebrum
————– contains sensory area involved in perception and contains motor areas involved in the execution of voluntary movements.
Cerebral cortex
—————is the outer region of the cerebrum
cerebral cortex
Cerebrum
——————–contains areas that deal with more complex functions like memory, emotions, reasoning , will, judgment, personality traits, intelligence
Association areas(white matter)
Cerebrum
——–aka basal nuclei , helps to regulate the starting and stoping of a movement and to reset muscle tone
Basal Ganglia
Cerebrum
———–helps to control subconscious contraction of skeletal muscles and suppress unwanted movement.
Basal Ganglia
Cerebrum
Functionally the basal Ganglia are linked to the ——- ———
substantial nigra (produces Dopamine)
—————involved smelling , emotions, memory. It is also part of the hypothalamus, hippocampus,amygdala and other nearby structures.
The limbic system
————functions in memory (encoding, consolidation, and retrieval)
Hippocampus
————–very important in converting short-term memory into long-term memory
Hippocampus
———important in emotional function (esp.fear)
Amygdala
connective tissues of the CNS called———
Meninges
———–three protective layers of CT that encircle the brain and SC.
Meninges
connective tissues of the CNS
tough outer layer called ———
dura mater
connective tissues of the CNS
middle layer called ——–
arachnoid membrane
————they cover the brain/SC up to the point where the nerves exit the spinal cord.
connective tissues of the CNS
———-the adipose and CT-filled space between the wall of the ———-canal and the dura mater .
epidural space
vertebrae
(no epidural space in the brain)
————-interstitial fluid-filled space between the dura mater and arachnoid membrane.
subdural
————CSF filled space between the arachnoid membrane and the the pia mater
Subarachnoid space
