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Physiology- Sutherland-Chan-Term1 > Chapter 1- Basic Chemisrty & Cell Respiration > Flashcards

Chapter 1- Basic Chemisrty & Cell Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What are molecules ?

A
  • when two or more atoms share electrons to form a stable
    structure
  • the association of molecules with one another is what makes up a
    cell
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2
Q

What makes up the cell ?

A

the association of molecules with one another is what makes up a cell

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3
Q

Molecules can be compound or element ? True /False

A

True

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4
Q

what is the substance, molecule, that is made of different atoms ?

A

compound , not all molecules are compound

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5
Q

A substance that is made of the same atoms ?

A

Element- e.g.O2
- 4 elements; oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and carbon make
96% of body mass

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6
Q

An atom that has (-) or (+) charge because it has unequal number of protons and electrons?

A

Ion

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7
Q

An electrically charged atom (or group of atoms) with unpaired electron ?

A

Free radical

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8
Q

Part of the level structure is the atoms; define it and list its properties ?

A
  • ultramicroscopic building blocks of matter
  • contain a nucleus (protons and neutrons) and surrounding
    with electrons
  • the number of protons and electrons are equal
  • the smallest part of a molecule means the undividable in greek
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9
Q

What is a chemical reaction ?

A
  • it is a release of energy, when breaking a bond, this energy
    can be used to form other bonds
  • occurs when these bonds are formed or broken
  • an energy that is stored on the bond between atoms
    and molecules
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10
Q

Chemical reaction changes the characteristics of those atoms or molecules ? True or False

A

True

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11
Q

It is the balance between anabolic and catabolic and the sum of all chemical reactions in the body ?

A

Metabolism

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12
Q

It is the buidling phase of metabolism, simple molecules are combined to make more complex ones and it is a net consumption of energy ? and give an example

A

Anabolism

  • e.g H2O, CH4 , C6H12O2(glucose)
  • glucose to glycogen
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13
Q

It is the breaking down phase of Metabolism, complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones, it is the net production of energy?

A

It is Catabolism

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14
Q

What is the energy currency of the body ?

A

ATP

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15
Q

It provides a form of energy that is used by the cell?

A

ATP

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16
Q

ATP how is it earned and spent ?

A

ATP energy is earned through Catabolic reactions and

spent through Anabolic reactions

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17
Q

How does the energy used from splitting the ATP ?

A

It is used in many functions

  1. cell division
  2. muscle contraction
  3. movement of some substances across cell membrane
  4. making large molecules out of smaller ones
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18
Q

What does it meant breaking the ATP ? write the equation ?

A
  • Breaking the ATP = Release of energy
  • Energy is RealEstate in order to perform various functions
  • The equation is -
    ATP (adenosine triphosphate) + H2O —>
    ADP(Adenosine Diphosphate) + P (phosphate group) + E (energy)
    • Energy(40% cell functions, 60% heat to help with body Temp)
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19
Q

What is Reforming Energy pertaining to ?

A

Reforming Energy = Energy used

- to reform ATP (attach P to ADP) requires energy

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20
Q

How does the cells get the energy to reform ATP?

A

-cells get energy to reform ATP primarily from;

carbohydrate, fats and proteins

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21
Q

What is the name of substances that make energy (reform ATP) called?

A 
Substances are collectively called;
energy substrates (carbs, fats and proteins)
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22
Q

Depending on the cell, 1. the demand for energy, and the
2. energy substrate available,
different substrate are used?
T/F

A

True

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23
Q

What is the equation for Forming ATP?

A

ADP(Adenosine Diphosphate) + P(Phosphate group) + Energy ——>(ATP Synthase/buidling)
ATP(Adenosine triphosphate) + H2O (water)

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24
Q

A series of reactions that transfer energy from food to ATP is called ?

A
  • cell respiration
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25
Q

What kind of process the cell respirations takes?

A
  1. Anaerobic

2. Aerobic

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26
Q

Cellular respirations happens without oxygen?

A

Anaerobic

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27
Q

Cellular respirations happens with oxygen?

A

aerobic

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28
Q

What are the 3 kinds of metabolism for cell respirations ?

A
  1. Carbohydrate (Glucose metabolism)
  2. Fat metabolism
  3. Protein Metabolism
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29
Q

Fat can only be used to generate ATP only with presence of ——-?

A

Oxygen - aerobically

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30
Q

What is Lipolysis?

A

It is the breakdown of stored fat (into glycol and fatty acids which can be used to make ATP)

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31
Q

The amount of ATP generated depends on the size of —-? example ?

A

ATP generated depends on the size of fat , e,g 129 ATP from

palmatic acid.

32
Q

How does the Hepatocytes(liver cells) help with the ATP production?

A

Hepatocytes make ketone bodies which are used by other cells (heart, nervous system, to make ATP .

ketone bodies are 3 chemicals that are produced as by-products when fatty acids are broken down for energy.

33
Q

What is Ketone bodies?

A

Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat instead of the sugar glucose for energy.
The ketone bodies – acetone, acetoacetate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate – are toxic acidic chemicals.
They build up in the blood and then spill over into the urine.
The body can also rid itself of acetone through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor.

The presence of ketone bodies in the blood is termed ketosis and the presence of ketone bodies in the urine is called ketonuria.

34
Q

what are the proteins broken down into ?

A

into amino acids

35
Q

where does the amino acids assembled into ? give examples?

A

amino acids are assembled into proteins, (e.g. enzymes, cell structure, transport proteins, hormones, contractile structures, clotting factors)

36
Q

Small amounts of amino acids are used to generate ATP in the protein metabolism ? True/False

A

True

37
Q

In the presence of O2 what is the process in the carbs metabolism?

A
  • Energy released - breaking down Glucose then
    —Reforming— ADP + P —–ATP —-glycolysis then
    Pyruvic acid —-enters — the mitochondria
  • series of reactions yield 26-28 ATP

What is Pyruvic acid ( end product of glycolysis)- is an intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbs, proteins and fats

38
Q

In the absence of O2 what is the process in the carbs metabolism? and where does the pyruvic acid go to?

A
  • pyruvic does not go into the mitochondria
  • it is converted into lactic acid which quickly convert to lactate
  • Lactic acid/lactate diffuses out of the cell into the blood (used by
    other cells)
  • it does not last in the body long and leaves the hydrogen that builds
    acidity and causes soreness in the muscle tissues (muscle aching)
39
Q

what is glycolysis ? and in what metabolism does it occur?

A
  • it is the process of making ATP from glucose occurs in the
    cell cytoplasm.
40
Q

Through glycolysis the molecule glucose broken into how many molecules ? and in what metabolism ?

A

Broken into;

  1. pyruvic acid
  2. 2ATP
41
Q

Where does the energy goes when it is released ?

A

it uses to reform ADP + Pi into ATP (Carb Metabolism)

42
Q

In carb metabolism , what is the energy preferred and what does the cells use?

A
  • the preferred energy substrate

- Cells use stored glucose(glycogen) or blood glucose.

43
Q

What are the key cellular substances?

A

Nutrients are substances that is needed for body structure and function

  1. Macro (Fats, Carbs, Proteins)
  2. Micro(Vitamins, Minerals)
44
Q

Compounds are categorized into 2 categories ?

A
  1. Inorganic compounds ( no carbon)
    • (salts, water, bases, acids)
  2. Organic Compounds ( carbs, lipids/fats, proteins)
45
Q

What does the cell needs to function?

A

The cell needs Oxygen to function

46
Q

How much does the water count for our body weight?

A

H2O accounts for about 65% of body weight

47
Q

Nearly all chemical reactions in the body occur in ……..?

A

water

48
Q

What does the solution consist of ?

A
  1. Solvent (water)

2. Solute (powder)

49
Q

What is the Solvent?

A 
a substance (the solvent) dissolves another 
substance (the solute).
50
Q

When inorganic acids, bases, or salts dissolve in water , they ———- into ———and become surrounded by ——-

A
  1. dissociate(separate)
  2. Ions
  3. Water
51
Q

A substance that dissociate into one or more hydrogen ions

(H+) is called?

A

Acid

e.g lactic acid

52
Q

A substance that dissociate into one or more hydroxide ions

(OH-) is called?

A

Base

53
Q

A substance that dissociate into (-) and (neither H+ or OH-)?

A

Salt

54
Q

The more hydrogen ions(H+) dissolved in a solution , the more ——?

A

acidic

55
Q

The more hydroxide ions(OH-) dissolved in a solution , the more ——?

A

Alkaline (basic)

56
Q

What is PH scale level ranges from to ?

A

The PH level expresses the potential of hydrogen

It ranges from (0-14)

57
Q

What is the neutral level of the PH ?

A

7 is neutral

58
Q

Does the body tolerate significant changes in the PH ?

A

The body does not tolerate significant changes in the PH.

59
Q

What is the blood PH ?

A

7.35-7.45

60
Q

What does the organic compound contain?

A
  • contain carbon

- Carbohydrate, Proteins, Fats/lipids, ATP, Nucleic acids

61
Q

how does the carbohydrates function as?

A

It functions primarily as energy substrate

62
Q

How many type of carbs ?

A
  1. Sugars( e.g glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose(milk))
  2. Starches (major carb source in our diets) e.g potatoes
  3. Glycogen (stored in the muscles and liver ) is the storage form of
    glucose
63
Q

——-are the storage form of excess calories?

A
  • triglycerides
64
Q

Lipids has diff characters as ?

A
  1. Fatty acids - energy substances
  2. many diff functions
  3. fats and other fat like substances
65
Q

Large complex molecules structures made of amino acids?

A

Proteins

66
Q

Frame work of body parts?

A

structural proteins

67
Q

hormones ?

A

regularity proteins

68
Q

shorten muscle cells?

A

contractile proteins

69
Q

Help fight off invading pathogens?

A

immunological proteins

70
Q

Carry protein in the body?

A

Transport proteins

71
Q

regulate biochemical reactions?

A

Catalytic proteins (speed up reactions)

72
Q

Genetic material, controls most cell activities?

A

DNA

73
Q

Relays genetic instruction to guide protein synthesis?

A

RNA

74
Q

It is the energy currency of the body and it provides a form of energy that is usable by all cells of the body?

A

ATP(Adenosine Triphosphate)

75
Q

Part of the body that is composed of at least 2 diff kind of tissues , all the tissues contribute to specific activity/ function ?

A

Organ

76
Q

A group of organs related to each other that perform functions together and operating together ?

A

Organism

77
Q

Identify the root structure of Organism ?

A

Atoms - Cellular level —Tissue level —-Organ level —

Organ system level —– Organismal level

Physiology- Sutherland-Chan-Term1 (14 decks)

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