Chapter 7 - Memory Flashcards
Two types of sensory memory:
Iconic memory
-visual information
Echoic memory
- auditory information
- Lasts a little bit longer
Three stages of memory:
Three stages of memory
Encoding Stages
Taking info and inputting it to memory
Storage
Retention of information over time
Retrieval
Retrieving information from memory
What are the three levels of memory?
Visual (shallow)
auditory (intermediate)
semantic (deep)
Which levels are auditory visual and semantic?
Visual (shallow)
auditory (intermediate)
semantic (deep)
Describe the three levels:
Shallow
Is it in capital letters (Duke)
Processing stimuli in its visual appearance
Intermediate
Processing the acoustics of it
Does it rhyme with Fluke?
Deep
Applying it to situations
Carolina will beat ____ this year
Two ways one can enhance encoding:
Enhancing encoding
Dual coding theory
It will be enhanced by forming both a semantic and visual code
Motivation to remember (MTR)
People tend to remember things better when they have a reason to remember
Name for STM?
Short term memory (STM)
Working memory/conscious memory
Capacity of short term
7+-2
Now thought to be 4+-1
Two types of rehearsal
Maintenance rehearsal
-Repeating it
Elaborative rehearsal
- Manipulating information
- Visualizing it
Scientist for working memory
Alan Baddeley
Define working memory
Working memory—a modular system for temporary storage and manipulation of information.
Components of STM
Components of working memory
Visuospatial scratch pad
Temporarily holds Iconic memory
Phonological loop
Maintenance rehearsal, straight repetition
Central executive
Decision maker, Deployment of attention
Episodic buffer
communicates between stm and ltm
Describe Working memory Capacity (WMC)
Working memory Capacity (WMC)
Ones ability to hold and manipulate and hold information in working memory for longer
A schema:
Schematic represents a mental framework from which to interpret things
Scripts…
Scripts could cause us to misremember things that didn’t happen
Use previous knowledge to interject
Brewers and treyens (1981)
Why are they famous
Did the experiment with schemas and scripts using objects in a study room
Two types of LTM
Explicit
Memories you try to remember
Implicit
Memories formed without trying
Two types of explicit memories
Semantic
Facts and general knowledge
Episodic
Specific events in your life
Two types of episodic memory
Retrospective
Remembering things in the past
Prospective
Trying to remember what you need to do in the future
Procedural memory:
Procedural
Memory for motor skills
Primacy effect
recency effect
Primacy effect
- we remember things at the beginning of the list
Recency effect
- we remember things at the end more than the middle
Define
Environment reinstatement effect
Mood congruency effect
State dependent effect
Retrieval cues
Environment reinstatement effect
We remember information best if we return to the exact physical location where we first encoded it
State dependent memory
We recall memory best when we’re in the same state
Mood congruent memory
Retrieval will be matched when their is a match between your mood at retrieval and the tone of the memory
Name three retrieval cues
Retrieval cues
Environment reinstatement effect
State dependent memory
Mood congruent memory
What is the misinformation effect
Misinformation effect
- someone’s recall of an event can be altered by incorrect info provided after the event
Source monitoring error:
Source monitoring errors
When memory from one source is misattributed to another source
Repressed memories
Repressed memories
Hypothetical memories unconsciously blocked
Who made the forgetting curve
Ebbinhaus
What is decay
Decay
Gradual disappearance of mental representation of info
Define
Proactive interference
Retroactive interference
Proactive interference
Old knowlefge interferes with new information
Retroactive interference
New information interferes with old information
Two interference processes
Proactive interference
Old knowlefge interferes with new information
Retroactive interference
New information interferes with old information
What are the two types of amnesia
Anterograde amnesia ,
Inability to form new memories
Retrograde amnesia
Forgetting memories in the past
Define
Retrograde amnesia
Anterograde amnesia
Anterograde amnesia ,
Inability to form new memories
Retrograde amnesia
Forgetting memories in the past
Define
Hyperthymesia
Flashbulb memory
Hyperthymesia
Reporting remembering everything that happened ever
Flashbulb memory
Extremely vivid and detailed memories relative to a monumental event
Define
Space vs intense practice
Mnemonic
Method of Loci
Space vs intense practice
Space out studying
Mnemonics
Family of strategies for improving memory that typically involve putting them in a context
Method of Loci
Associate a list with location
