Chapter 7 - Memory

Question 0

Two types of sensory memory:

Answer 0

Iconic memory
-visual information

Echoic memory

• auditory information
• Lasts a little bit longer

Question 1

Three stages of memory:

Answer 1

Three stages of memory
Encoding Stages
Taking info and inputting it to memory

Storage
Retention of information over time

Retrieval
Retrieving information from memory

Question 2

What are the three levels of memory?

Answer 2

Visual (shallow)
auditory (intermediate)
semantic (deep)

Question 3

Which levels are auditory visual and semantic?

Answer 3

Visual (shallow)
auditory (intermediate)
semantic (deep)

Question 4

Describe the three levels:

Answer 4

Shallow
Is it in capital letters (Duke)
Processing stimuli in its visual appearance

Intermediate
Processing the acoustics of it
Does it rhyme with Fluke?

Deep
Applying it to situations
Carolina will beat ____ this year

Question 5

Two ways one can enhance encoding:

Answer 5

Enhancing encoding
Dual coding theory
It will be enhanced by forming both a semantic and visual code

Motivation to remember (MTR)
People tend to remember things better when they have a reason to remember

Question 6

Name for STM?

Answer 6

Short term memory (STM)

Working memory/conscious memory

Question 7

Capacity of short term

Answer 7

7+-2

Now thought to be 4+-1

Question 8

Two types of rehearsal

Answer 8

Maintenance rehearsal
-Repeating it

Elaborative rehearsal

• Manipulating information
• Visualizing it

Question 9

Scientist for working memory

Answer 9

Alan Baddeley

Question 10

Define working memory

Answer 10

Working memory—a modular system for temporary storage and manipulation of information.

Question 11

Components of STM

Answer 11

Components of working memory

Visuospatial scratch pad
Temporarily holds Iconic memory

Phonological loop
Maintenance rehearsal, straight repetition

Central executive
Decision maker, Deployment of attention

Episodic buffer
communicates between stm and ltm

Question 12

Describe Working memory Capacity (WMC)

Answer 12

Working memory Capacity (WMC)

Ones ability to hold and manipulate and hold information in working memory for longer

Question 13

A schema:

Answer 13

Schematic represents a mental framework from which to interpret things

Question 14

Scripts…

Answer 14

Scripts could cause us to misremember things that didn’t happen

Use previous knowledge to interject

Question 15

Brewers and treyens (1981)

Why are they famous

Answer 15

Did the experiment with schemas and scripts using objects in a study room

Question 16

Two types of LTM

Answer 16

Explicit
Memories you try to remember

Implicit
Memories formed without trying

Question 17

Two types of explicit memories

Answer 17

Semantic
Facts and general knowledge

Episodic
Specific events in your life

Question 18

Two types of episodic memory

Answer 18

Retrospective
Remembering things in the past

Prospective
Trying to remember what you need to do in the future

Question 19

Procedural memory:

Answer 19

Procedural

Memory for motor skills

Question 20

Primacy effect

recency effect

Answer 20

Primacy effect
- we remember things at the beginning of the list

Recency effect
- we remember things at the end more than the middle

Question 21

Define
Environment reinstatement effect
Mood congruency effect
State dependent effect

Answer 21

Retrieval cues
Environment reinstatement effect
We remember information best if we return to the exact physical location where we first encoded it

State dependent memory
We recall memory best when we’re in the same state

Mood congruent memory
Retrieval will be matched when their is a match between your mood at retrieval and the tone of the memory

Question 22

Name three retrieval cues

Answer 22

Retrieval cues
Environment reinstatement effect

State dependent memory

Mood congruent memory

Question 23

What is the misinformation effect

Answer 23

Misinformation effect

- someone’s recall of an event can be altered by incorrect info provided after the event

Question 24

Source monitoring error:

Answer 24

Source monitoring errors

When memory from one source is misattributed to another source

Question 25

Repressed memories

Answer 25

Repressed memories

Hypothetical memories unconsciously blocked

Question 26

Who made the forgetting curve

Answer 26

Ebbinhaus

Question 27

What is decay

Answer 27

Decay

Gradual disappearance of mental representation of info

Question 28

Define
Proactive interference

Retroactive interference

Answer 28

Proactive interference
Old knowlefge interferes with new information

Retroactive interference
New information interferes with old information

Question 29

Two interference processes

Answer 29

Proactive interference
Old knowlefge interferes with new information

Retroactive interference
New information interferes with old information

Question 30

What are the two types of amnesia

Answer 30

Anterograde amnesia ,
Inability to form new memories

Retrograde amnesia
Forgetting memories in the past

Question 31

Define
Retrograde amnesia

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 31

Anterograde amnesia ,
Inability to form new memories

Retrograde amnesia
Forgetting memories in the past

Question 32

Define
Hyperthymesia

Flashbulb memory

Answer 32

Hyperthymesia
Reporting remembering everything that happened ever

Flashbulb memory
Extremely vivid and detailed memories relative to a monumental event

Question 33

Define
Space vs intense practice

Mnemonic

Method of Loci

Answer 33

Space vs intense practice
Space out studying

Mnemonics
Family of strategies for improving memory that typically involve putting them in a context

Method of Loci
Associate a list with location