Chapter 4 - Sensation And Perception Flashcards
Bottom up Top Down
Bottom up When the Stimulus influences our perception Start with no preconceived notions and trying to understand what it -Hallucinations Top Down uses background knowledge and preconceptions to influence perception -Delusion
Sensation Perception Transduction
Sensation The ability to detect and encode information from the environment Perception The ability to use, organize and understand environmental sensation. The ability to give meaning to what we sense Transduction The process of converting physical or chemical stimuli into a nerve impulse/language of the nervous system
Define Capgras Syndrome -What brain piece goes wrong
Capgras syndrome -When perception/top down -Recognizing faces but thinking they’re imposters -Disconnect between memory and emotion of your past -Problems in the linking of the -Amygdala and temporal lobe -Linking emotions and memories
What is prosopragnosia?
Facial blindness -Can’t recognize the people you know -Damage of the fusiform gyrus
What two physics factors influence the translation and perception of vision
Wave amplitude -height of wave -amount of intensity Wave length -color
Know these parts of the Eye Cornea Lens Retina Pupil Iris Optic Disk Fovea
Cornea -Outside surface that light passes through to the lens Lens -Focuses light on the retina Retina -Surface on the back of eye where translation occurs Pupil -Black circle light passes through Iris -Pigmented part that changes size of pupil Optic Disk -Blind spot, start of optic nerve Fovea -Center of focus; most cones
Rods Cones
Rods -Sensitive during dark conditions -Periphery of retina -Black and white Cones -Center of retina -Activated by different wavelengths -Transduction occurs here -Color vision
The names of the two theories of color vision are:
Young hemholtz trichromatic theory Opponent process theory
Young hemholtz trichromatic theory
Young hemholtz trichromatic theory There are three kinds of cones sensitives to various Wavelengths: -Short (Blue) -Medium (green) -Long (Red) The mixing of them produces any color
These color blindness types are missing which cones? -Red/green -Blue/yellow
Color blindness Red/green -Missing green cone Blue/yellow -Missing blue cone
After image
When you stare at something and it stays -Sun/Jesus pics from class
Opponent process theory
Opponent process theory -There are specific cells set to only certain colors (rgb) -When you stare at one color basically the cell gets fatigued which makes you highly sensitive to the opposite causing afterimage -There are Antagonistic pairs -Red/Green -blue/yellow -black/white -Occurs at the deep cells -Ganglia cells -bipolar cells
Hearing/Audition is produced by
the movement of air pressure waves which displaces fluid in the ears
What are the two physical characteristics of sound and how do they affect it?
Physical characteristics of sound -Frequency (pitch) -Amplitude (loudness)
Identify the main ear parts (hard)
Parts of the ear: Pinna: Sound enters in pinna Auditory canal: Goes through auditory canal Eardrum: hits and vibrates Vibrates three bones -Hammer, -anvil, -stirrup Cochlea: transduction occurs at cochlea
Define these Parts of the ear: Pinna: Auditory canal: Eardrum: Vibrates three bones - - - Cochlea:
Parts of the ear: Pinna: Sound enters in pinna Auditory canal: Goes through auditory canal Eardrum: hits and vibrates Vibrates three bones -Hammer, -anvil, -stirrup Cochlea: transduction occurs at cochlea
Name the two pitch theories
Place theory Frequency theory
What do gestalt cues do? (Define)
Gestalt Cues -Help with forming an integrated whole (impression?) of a person/situation -Help us identify different parts of an image/scene as an integrated whole -Help you form wholistic views of something
Describe these theories: Frequency theory Place theory
Pitch Theories Frequency theory - The Frequency of sound is reproduced by neural activity in hair cells -Firing rate of neurons matches frequency of sound wave -Problems, -There’s an upper limit to this theory -Accounts for low freq sounds, but not high Place theories -Sound causes a wave in Basilian membrane -Where it peaks on the hair what sends that sound to the brain -Different hair for different frequencies -Accounts for high frequency sounds, but not low
Define “figure-ground”
Determining foreground vs background What is the figure vs what is the background
What are the five gestalt cues?
Top Down Perception: Gestalt Cues Proximity -Tendency to group close things today Similarity -Things that are similar looking/sounding/tasting we group together Continuity -When we look at a pattern we look at things that are discontinuous Closure -Our ability to fill in the gaps Connectedness -Perceiving spots lines or areas as a single unit when uniform or linked together
Define these five gestalt cues: Proximity Similarity Continuity Closure Connectedness
Top Down Perception: Gestalt Cues Proximity -Tendency to group close things today Similarity -Things that are similar looking/sounding/tasting we group together Continuity -When we look at a pattern we look at things that are discontinuous Closure -Our ability to fill in the gaps Connectedness -Perceiving spots lines or areas as a single unit when uniform or linked together
What are the two cues of depth perception?
Monocular cues Binocular cues
What are the binocular cues?
Convergence -How much the eyes move in toward or away from each other as things go further or closer Retinal disparity -Takes advantage that each eye looks at an object from a slightly different angle -Closing different eyes
What are the monocular clues?
Relative size Overlap/interposition Texture gradient (Further away less details) Relative height -Things far away seem high up Relative motion -Closer objects move faster Linear perspective -Parallel lines come together
What is aphasia?
Having trouble expressing speech
What are the two types of aphasia?
Broca’s area/Expressive aphasia -Poor grammar, organized speech or speech content Wernicke’s area/Receptive aphasia -Can’t understand verbal speech Both in left hemisphere
McGurk effect:
Vision influences the sounds you hear
rev
Top Down Perception: Gestalt Cues Proximity -Tendency to group close things today Similarity -Things that are similar looking/sounding/tasting we group together Continuity -When we look at a pattern we look at things that are discontinuous Closure -Our ability to fill in the gaps Connectedness -Perceiving spots lines or areas as a single unit when uniform or linked together
What are the five gestalt cues?
