Chapter 4 - Sensation And Perception

Question 0

Bottom up Top Down

Answer 0

Bottom up When the Stimulus influences our perception Start with no preconceived notions and trying to understand what it -Hallucinations Top Down uses background knowledge and preconceptions to influence perception -Delusion

Question 1

Sensation Perception Transduction

Answer 1

Sensation The ability to detect and encode information from the environment Perception The ability to use, organize and understand environmental sensation. The ability to give meaning to what we sense Transduction The process of converting physical or chemical stimuli into a nerve impulse/language of the nervous system

Question 2

Define Capgras Syndrome -What brain piece goes wrong

Answer 2

Capgras syndrome -When perception/top down -Recognizing faces but thinking they’re imposters -Disconnect between memory and emotion of your past -Problems in the linking of the -Amygdala and temporal lobe -Linking emotions and memories

Question 3

What is prosopragnosia?

Answer 3

Facial blindness -Can’t recognize the people you know -Damage of the fusiform gyrus

Question 4

What two physics factors influence the translation and perception of vision

Answer 4

Wave amplitude -height of wave -amount of intensity Wave length -color

Question 5

Know these parts of the Eye Cornea Lens Retina Pupil Iris Optic Disk Fovea

Answer 5

Cornea -Outside surface that light passes through to the lens Lens -Focuses light on the retina Retina -Surface on the back of eye where translation occurs Pupil -Black circle light passes through Iris -Pigmented part that changes size of pupil Optic Disk -Blind spot, start of optic nerve Fovea -Center of focus; most cones

Question 6

Rods Cones

Answer 6

Rods -Sensitive during dark conditions -Periphery of retina -Black and white Cones -Center of retina -Activated by different wavelengths -Transduction occurs here -Color vision

Question 7

The names of the two theories of color vision are:

Answer 7

Young hemholtz trichromatic theory Opponent process theory

Question 8

Young hemholtz trichromatic theory

Answer 8

Young hemholtz trichromatic theory There are three kinds of cones sensitives to various Wavelengths: -Short (Blue) -Medium (green) -Long (Red) The mixing of them produces any color

Question 9

These color blindness types are missing which cones? -Red/green -Blue/yellow

Answer 9

Color blindness Red/green -Missing green cone Blue/yellow -Missing blue cone

Question 10

After image

Answer 10

When you stare at something and it stays -Sun/Jesus pics from class

Question 11

Opponent process theory

Answer 11

Opponent process theory -There are specific cells set to only certain colors (rgb) -When you stare at one color basically the cell gets fatigued which makes you highly sensitive to the opposite causing afterimage -There are Antagonistic pairs -Red/Green -blue/yellow -black/white -Occurs at the deep cells -Ganglia cells -bipolar cells

Question 12

Hearing/Audition is produced by

Answer 12

the movement of air pressure waves which displaces fluid in the ears

Question 13

What are the two physical characteristics of sound and how do they affect it?

Answer 13

Physical characteristics of sound -Frequency (pitch) -Amplitude (loudness)

Question 14

Identify the main ear parts (hard)

Answer 14

Parts of the ear: Pinna: Sound enters in pinna Auditory canal: Goes through auditory canal Eardrum: hits and vibrates Vibrates three bones -Hammer, -anvil, -stirrup Cochlea: transduction occurs at cochlea

Question 15

Define these Parts of the ear: Pinna: Auditory canal: Eardrum: Vibrates three bones - - - Cochlea:

Answer 15

Parts of the ear: Pinna: Sound enters in pinna Auditory canal: Goes through auditory canal Eardrum: hits and vibrates Vibrates three bones -Hammer, -anvil, -stirrup Cochlea: transduction occurs at cochlea

Question 16

Name the two pitch theories

Answer 16

Place theory Frequency theory

Question 17

What do gestalt cues do? (Define)

Answer 17

Gestalt Cues -Help with forming an integrated whole (impression?) of a person/situation -Help us identify different parts of an image/scene as an integrated whole -Help you form wholistic views of something

Question 18

Describe these theories: Frequency theory Place theory

Answer 18

Pitch Theories Frequency theory - The Frequency of sound is reproduced by neural activity in hair cells -Firing rate of neurons matches frequency of sound wave -Problems, -There’s an upper limit to this theory -Accounts for low freq sounds, but not high Place theories -Sound causes a wave in Basilian membrane -Where it peaks on the hair what sends that sound to the brain -Different hair for different frequencies -Accounts for high frequency sounds, but not low

Question 19

Define “figure-ground”

Answer 19

Determining foreground vs background What is the figure vs what is the background

Question 21

What are the five gestalt cues?

Answer 21

Top Down Perception: Gestalt Cues Proximity -Tendency to group close things today Similarity -Things that are similar looking/sounding/tasting we group together Continuity -When we look at a pattern we look at things that are discontinuous Closure -Our ability to fill in the gaps Connectedness -Perceiving spots lines or areas as a single unit when uniform or linked together

Question 22

Define these five gestalt cues: Proximity Similarity Continuity Closure Connectedness

Answer 22

Top Down Perception: Gestalt Cues Proximity -Tendency to group close things today Similarity -Things that are similar looking/sounding/tasting we group together Continuity -When we look at a pattern we look at things that are discontinuous Closure -Our ability to fill in the gaps Connectedness -Perceiving spots lines or areas as a single unit when uniform or linked together

Question 23

What are the two cues of depth perception?

Answer 23

Monocular cues Binocular cues

Question 23

What are the binocular cues?

Answer 23

Convergence -How much the eyes move in toward or away from each other as things go further or closer Retinal disparity -Takes advantage that each eye looks at an object from a slightly different angle -Closing different eyes

Question 24

What are the monocular clues?

Answer 24

Relative size Overlap/interposition Texture gradient (Further away less details) Relative height -Things far away seem high up Relative motion -Closer objects move faster Linear perspective -Parallel lines come together

Question 25

What is aphasia?

Answer 25

Having trouble expressing speech

Question 26

What are the two types of aphasia?

Answer 26

Broca’s area/Expressive aphasia -Poor grammar, organized speech or speech content Wernicke’s area/Receptive aphasia -Can’t understand verbal speech Both in left hemisphere

Question 27

McGurk effect:

Answer 27

Vision influences the sounds you hear

Question 28

rev

Top Down Perception: Gestalt Cues Proximity -Tendency to group close things today Similarity -Things that are similar looking/sounding/tasting we group together Continuity -When we look at a pattern we look at things that are discontinuous Closure -Our ability to fill in the gaps Connectedness -Perceiving spots lines or areas as a single unit when uniform or linked together

Answer 28

What are the five gestalt cues?