Chapter 7 Learning & Reward Flashcards
Learning
Acquisition of new knowledge from EXPERIENCE that results in PERMANENT CHANGE
Habituation
Repeated exposure to stimulus –> reduction in response
Sensitization
Exposure to stimulus –> increased response to another
John B Watson
Behaviouralist movement
Behaviouralism
Against consciousness, mental states, mind, content, imagery
Ivan Pavlov
Salivation of dogs
Classical Conditioning
Neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that produces a response
Unconditioned Stimulus
Reliably produces naturally occurring reaction
Unconditioned Response
Reflexive reaction produced by unconditioned response
Conditioned Stimulus
Previously neutral stimulus that produces response after being paired with US
Conditioned Response
Resembles unconditioned response but produced by CS
Acquisition
Stage when CS and US are paired together
Second-Order Conditioning
CS with a stimulus associated with US
Extinction
Gradual elimination of a learned response when CS is presented without US
Spontaneous Recovery
Tendency of learned behaviour to recover from extinction
Generalization
CR is observed with slightly different CS
Discrimination
Ability to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli
Little Albert Case
1 Complex can be conditioned
2 Emotions can be conditioned
3 Humans can be conditioned
Rescorla-Wagner Model
Conditioning works better with unfamiliar CS because there aren’t expectations attached yet
Thompson
Eyeblinking conditioning of the cerebellum
Biological Preparedness
Propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others
Operant Conditioning
Consequences of organism’s behaviour determine whether it will be repeated in the future
Thorndike
Instrumental behaviours
Law of Effect
Behaviours that are followed by a satisfying state of affairs tend to be repeated and those that produce an unpleasant state of affairs are less likely to be repeated
Operant Behaviour
Behaviour with impact on environment
Skinner Operant Conditioning Chamber
Allows a researcher to study the behaviour of small organisms in a controlled environment
Reinforcer
Stimulus that increases likelihood of a behaviour
Punisher
Stimulus that decreases likelihood of a behaviour
Stimulus Control
Stimulus controls the behaviour
Discriminative Stimulus
Stimulus that indicates a response will be reinforced
Three-Term Contingency
In presence of discriminative stimulus, a response produces a reinforcer
Interval Schedules
Time intervals between reinforcements
Ratio Schedules
Ratio of responses to reinforcements
Intermittent Reinforcement Effect
Operant behaviours that are maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better
Shaping
Learning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behaviour
Tolman
Means-ends relationship; stimulus establishes a cognitive state (and not a direct response)
Latent Learning
Something is learned, but is not manifested
Cognitive Map
Mental representation of physical features of environment
Pleasure Centers
Brain areas in limbic system associated with positive experiences
Observational Learning
Learning by watching actions of others
Diffusion Chain
Individuals initially learn a behaviour by observing another individual perform that behaviour, and then serve as a model for others
Enculturation Hypothesis
Being raised in a human culture has a profound effect on the cognitive abilities of chimpanzees
Mirror Neurons
Type of neurons which fire when you watch someone else perform the same action
Implicit Learning
Learning independent of awareness of both process and products
