Ch.11 Development Flashcards
Developmental Psychology
Study of continuity and change across the life span
Zygote
Fertilized egg that contains chromosomes from both an egg and sperm
Germinal Stage
Two week period that begins at conception in which zygote migrates back down the fallopian tube and implants itself in the wall of the uterus
Embryonic Stage
Period that lasts from the 2nd week until the 8th week in which cells begin to differentiate
Fetal Stage
Period that lasts from the 9th week until birth in which the fetus has a skeleton and muscles that allow movement
Myelination
Formation of fatty sheath around neuron axons
Placenta
Organ that physically bloodstreams of the mother and the embryo or fetus and permits exchange of certain chemicals
Teratogens
Agents that impair development like environmental poisons
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
Developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol by the mother during pregnancy
Infancy
Stage of development that begins at birth and lasts between 18 and 24 months
Motor Development
Emergence of ability to execute physical actions such as reaching, rasping, crawling and walking
Cephalocaudal Rule
Tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the head to the feet
Proximodistal Rule
Tendency for motor stills to emerge in sequence from the center to the periphery
Cognitive Development
Emergence of ability to think and understand
Sensorimotor Stage
Period of development that begins at birth through infancy in which infants busy themselves with ability to sense
Schema
Theories about the way the world works
Assimilation
Infants apply schemas in novel situations
Accommodation
Infants revise their schemas in light of new information
Object Permanence
Belief that objects exist even when they are not visible
Childhood
Period at 18-24 months to 11-14 years
Preoperational Stage
Stage that begins about 2 years to 6 years, during which children develop preliminary understanding of the world
Concrete Operational Stage
6-11 years, children learn how actions or operations can transform the concrete objects of the physical world
Conservation
Quantitative properties of an object are invariant despite changes in the object’s appearance
Centration
Tendency to focus on just one property of an object
Mental Representations
Mind versus real world
Formal Operational Stage
Final stage of cognitive development during which children learn to reason about abstract concepts
Egocentrism
Failure to understand that the world appears differently to different people
Theory of Mind
Understanding that other people’s mental representations guide their behavior
Strange Situation
Behavioral test used to determine child’s attachment style
Temperaments
Characteristic patterns of emotional reactivity
Internal Working Model of Relationships
A set of beliefs about the self and primary caregiver
Preconventional Stage
Morality of action is primarily determined by consequences
Conventional Stage
Morality of action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules
Postconventional Stage
Morality is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values
Adolescence
Onset of sexual maturity to beginning of adulthood
Puberty
Bodily changes associated with sexual maturity
Secondary Sex Characteristics
Enlargement of breasts, widening of hips, appearance of hair, etc
Adulthood
Ends with death
[Lecture] Preformationism
Entire child rolled up in sperm cell
[Lecture] Precocial
Animals ready to survive on their own upon birth
[Lecture] Altricial
Animals with a long period of immaturity and inability to survive on their own
[Lecture] Developmental Psychology
How changes happen
[Lecture] Jean Piaget
Grandfather of Developmental Psychology
[Lecture] Constructivism
View that children are not passive internalizers of knowledge
[Lecture] Assimilation
Process by which children translate information into a form they understand
[Lecture] Accommodation
Process by which children revise current knowledge structures
[Lecture] Equilibration
Process by which children balance assimilation and accommodation to create stable understanding
[Lecture] Stadial Theory
Development occurs in distinct stages
[Lecture] Sensorimotor Stage Failures
Object Permanence
[Lecture] Preoperational Stage Failures
Conservation
Transitivity
Egocentricity
Appearance VS Reality
[Lecture] Transfer
Near and far transfer
[Lecture] Habituation
One way of testing what infants know
[Lecture] Décalage
Discontinuity / gap
[Lecture] False Consensus Effect
Whatever you choose seems to be what others will do
[Lecture] Perseveration
Doing things based on your rhythm
