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Introduction to Psychology > Chapter 3 Neurons: The Origin of Behaviour > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Neurons: The Origin of Behaviour Flashcards

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1
Q

Neuron

A

Cells in nervous system that communicate with one another to perform info-processing tasks

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2
Q

Santiago Cajal

A

Used Golgi staining to highlight appearance of neurons

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3
Q

Cell Body

A

Largest component of the neuron that coordinates info-processing tasks and keeps cells alive

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4
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive information

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5
Q

Axon

A

Carries information

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6
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Insulating layer of fatty material

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7
Q

Glial Cells

A

Make up the sheath and act as support cells (e.g. digest parts of dead neurons, provide physical and nutritional support)

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8
Q

Synapse

A

Junction between axon and dendrite

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9
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Receive information from external world

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10
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Carry signals from spinal cord to the muscles

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11
Q

Interneurons

A

Connect sensory neurons and motor neutrons

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12
Q

Purjinke Cells

A

Type of interneuron that carries information from cerebellum to rest of brain (BUSH)

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13
Q

Pyramidal Cells

A

Type of interneuron found in cerebral cortex (LONG DENDRITE)

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14
Q

Bipolar Cells

A

Type of sensory neuron found in the retinas of the eye with single axon and single dendrite

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15
Q

Conduction

A

Movement of electric signal within neurons

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16
Q

Transmission

A

Movement of electric signal from one neuron to the other

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17
Q

Resting Potential

A

Difference in electric charge between inside and outside of neuron’s cell membrane

High K and A inside, high Na and Cl outside

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18
Q

Action Potential

A

Electric signal that is conducted along the length of a neuron’s axon to synapse

All or none

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19
Q

Refractory Period

A

Time following an action potential

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20
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

Electric current jumps from node to node in saltatory conduction

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21
Q

Terminal Buttons

A

Contain vesicles with neurotransmitters

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22
Q

Receptors

A

Parts of cell membrane that receive neurotransmitters

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23
Q

Three Processes of Neurotransmitter Leaving

A

1 Reuptake
2 Deactivation
3 Bind to autoreceptors

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24
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Involved in voluntary motor control

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25
Q

Dopamine

A

Involved in motor behaviour, motivation, pleasure, emotional arousal

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26
Q

Glutamate

A

Involved in transmission of information between neurons; primary excitatory neurotransmitter (VS GABA)

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27
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Involved in states of vigilance and heightened awareness

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28
Q

Serotonin

A

Involved in regulation of sleep and wakefulness, eating and aggressive behaviour

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29
Q

Endorphin

A

Involved in pain pathways and emotion centers

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30
Q

Agonists

A

Drugs that increase the action of neurotransmitter

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31
Q

Antagonist

A

Drugs that block function of neurotransmitter

32
Q

CNS

A

Composed of brain and spinal cord

33
Q

PNS

A

Connects CNS to body’s organs and muscles

34
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Part of PNS that conveys information between voluntary and CNS

35
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Part of PNS that connects involuntary commands

36
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Nerves that prepare the body for action in challenging or threatening situations

37
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Nerves that help the body return to normal resting state

38
Q

Spinal Reflexes

A

Simple pathways in the nervous system that rapidly generate muscle contractions

39
Q

Hindbrain

A

Area of the brain that coordinates information coming into and out of the spinal cord; stalk on which the rest of the brain sits; controls basic functions–respiration, alertness and motor skills

40
Q

Medulla

A

Extension the spinal cord into the skull that coordinates heart rate, circulation and respiration

41
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Regulates sleep wakefulness and levels of arousal

42
Q

Cerebellum

A

A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills

43
Q

Pons

A

A structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain

44
Q

Midbrain

A

Contains:
1 Tectum - orients an organism in environment
2 Tegmentum - involed in movement arousal

45
Q

Forebrain

A

Highest level of the brain that controls complex cognitive, emotional, sensory and motor functions

46
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Outermost layer of the brain divided into two hemispheres

47
Q

Subcortical Structures

A

Areas of the forebrain housed under the cerebral cortex near the center of the brain

48
Q

Thalamus

A

Relays and filters information from the senses and transmits the information to the cerebral cortex

49
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst and sexual behaviour

50
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Master gland of the body’s hormone-producing system, which releases hormones that direct the functions of other glands

51
Q

Oxytocin

A

Stimulates release of milk

52
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

A

Released in time of stress, stimulates adrenal glands

53
Q

Limbic System

A

Group of forebrain structures involved in motivation, emotion, learning and memory

54
Q

Hippocampus

A

Critical for creating new memories and integrating them into a network of knowledge

55
Q

Amygdala

A

Plays a central role in emotional processes, particularly the formation of emotional memories

56
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Directs intentional movements

57
Q

Gyri

A

Smooth surfaces of the cortex

58
Q

Sulci

A

Indentations or fissures

59
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Connects large areas of the cerebral cortex on each side of the brain and supports communication of information

60
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Processes visual information

61
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Processes information about touch; includes somatosensory cortex

62
Q

Homunculus

A

Illustrates the somatosensory cortex

63
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Processes auditory and language information

64
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Processes movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory and judgement

65
Q

Association Areas

A

Composed of neurons that help provide sense and meaning to information registered in the cortex

66
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

Activate when an animal performs a behaviour as well as when another animal observes the animal performing the behaviour

67
Q

Ontogeny

A

How brain develops within an individual

68
Q

Phylogeny

A

How brain develops within a particular species

69
Q

Gene

A

Major unit of hereditary transmission

70
Q

Chromosomes

A

Strands of DNA in double helix configuration

71
Q

Epigenetics

A

Environmental influences that determine whether or not genes are expressed and the degree to which they are expressed

72
Q

DNA Methylation

A

Adding methyl group to DNA

73
Q

Histone Modification

A

Adding chemical modifications to proteins called histones that are involved in packaging DNA

74
Q

Heritabilitity

A

Measure for variability of behavioural traits among individuals that can be accounted for by genetic factors

75
Q

Phineas Gage

A

Change in personality after frontal lobe was affected

76
Q

Roger Sperry

A

Studied people who had corpus collosum severed

77
Q

Electrocephalograph

A

Device used to record electrical activity in the brain

Introduction to Psychology (13 decks)

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