Ch.13 Social Psychology Flashcards
Social Psychology
Study of the causes and consequences of sociality
Aggression
Behavior with the purpose of harming another
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
Animals aggress when their desires are frustrated
Cooperation
Behavior that leads to mutual benefit
Group
Collection of people who have something in common
Prejudice
Positive or negative evaluation of another person based on group membership
Discrimination
Positive or negative behavior toward another person based on their group membership
Common Knowledge Effect
Tendency for group discussions to focus on information that all members share
Group Polarization
Tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than any member would have made alone
Groupthink
Tendency for groups to reach consensus in order to facilitate interpersonal harmony
Deindividuation
Immersion in a group causes people to become less concerned with their personal values
Diffusion of responsibility
Tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way
Social Loagin
Tendency for people to expend less effort when in a group than alone
Bystander Intervention
Act of helping strangers in emergency situations
Altruism
Behavior that benefits another without benefiting oneself
Kin Selection
Process by which evolution selects for individuals who cooperate with their relatives
Reciprocal Altruism
Behavior that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future
Mere Exposure Effect
Tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure
Passionate Love
Experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy and intense sexual attraction
Companionate Love
Experience involving affection, trust and concern for a partner’s well-being
Social Exchange
Hypothesis that people remain in relationships only as long as they perceive a favorable ratio of costs to benefits
Social Influence
Ability to control another person’s behavior
Norms
Customary standards for behavior that are widely shared by members of a culture
Norm of Reciprocity
Unwritten rule that people should benefit those who have benefited them
Normative Influence
Occurs when another person’s behavior provides information about what is appropriate
Door in the face Technique
Influence strategy that involves getting someone to deny an initial request
Conformity
Tendency to do what others do simply because others are doing it
Obedience
Tendency to do what powerful people tell us to do
Attitude
Enduring positive or negative evaluation of an object or event
Belief
Enduring piece of knowledge about an object or event
Informational Influence
Another person’s behavior provides information about what is true
Persuasion
Person’s attitudes or beliefs are influenced by a communication from another
Systematic Persuasion
Changed by appeals to reason
Heuristic Persuasion
Changed by appeals to habit or emotion
Foot in the door Technique
Making a small request and then following it with a larger request
Cognitive Dissonance
Unpleasant state when person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes, or beliefs
Social Cognition
Processes by which people come to understand others
Stereotyping
Process by which people draw inferences about others based on their knowledge of the categories to which others belong
Self-fulfilling Prophecy
Tendency for people to behave as they are expected to behave
Perceptual confirmation
Tendency for people to see what they expect to see
Subtyping
Tendency for people who receive disconfirming evidence to modify their stereotypes rather than abandon them
Attribution
Inferences about the causes of people’s behavior
Correspondence Bias
Tendency to make a dispositional attribution when we should instead make a situational attribution
Actor-Observer Effect
Tendency to make situational attributions for our behaviors while making dispositional attributions for the identical behavior of others
