Ch.9 Language & Thought

Question 1

Language

Answer 1

System for communicating with others using signals that are combined according to rules of grammar and convey meaning

Question 2

Grammar

Answer 2

Set of rules that specify how the units of language can be combined to produce meaningful messages

Question 3

Phonemes

Answer 3

Smallest units of sound recognizable as speech rather than as random noise

Question 4

Phonological Rules

Answer 4

How phonemes can be combined to produce speech sounds

Question 5

Morphemes

Answer 5

Smallest meaningful units of language

Question 6

Morphological Rules

Answer 6

Indicate how morphemes can be combined to form words

Question 7

Content Morphemes

Answer 7

Things and events

Question 8

Function Morphemes

Answer 8

grammatical functions

Question 9

Syntactical Rules

Answer 9

Indicate how words can be combined to form phrases and sentences

Question 10

Deep Structure

Answer 10

Meaning of a sentence

Question 11

Surface Structure

Answer 11

How a sentence is worded

Question 12

Fast Mapping

Answer 12

Children map a word onto an underlying concept after only a single exposure

Question 13

Telegraphic Speech

Answer 13

Devoid of function morphemes and consist mostly of content words

Question 14

Nativist Theory

Answer 14

Language development is best explained as an innate, biological capacity

Question 15

Langauge Acquisition Device

Answer 15

Collection of processes that facilitate language learning

Question 16

Genetic Dysphasia

Answer 16

Syndrome characterized by an inability to learn the grammatical structure of language despite having otherwise normal intelligence

Question 17

Aphasia

Answer 17

Difficulty in producing or comprehending language

Question 18

Broca’s Area

Answer 18

Left frontal cortex involved in the production of the sequential patterns in vocal and sign languages

Question 19

Wernicke’s Area

Answer 19

Left temporal cortex involved in language comprehension

Question 20

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

Answer 20

Language shapes the nature of thought

Question 21

Family Resembalance

Answer 21

Features that appear to be characteristic of category members but may not be possessed by every member

Question 22

Prototype Theory

Answer 22

Psychological theories are best described as organized around prototypes

Question 23

Exemplar Theory

Answer 23

We make category judgements by comparing a new instance with stored memories for other instances of the category

Question 24

[Lecture] Parsing Problem

Answer 24

Problem of separating and identifying potential words to learn

Question 25

[Lecture] Reference Problem

Answer 25

Problem of how to take a word and connect it to object

Question 26

[Lecture] Social Referencing

Answer 26

Children will look at the eyes and see where the eyes are looking

Question 27

[Lecture] Novelty Matching

Answer 27

Attaching name to things that still do not have a name

Question 28

[Lecture] Intentionality & Pedagogy

Answer 28

Direct eye contact and then deliberately demonstrate action

Question 29

[Lecture] Whole Object Assumption

Answer 29

Match words to another candidate whole object

Question 30

[Lecture] Category Assumption

Answer 30

e.g. Different balls

Question 31

[Lecture] Phonology

Answer 31

Words to sounds

Question 32

[Lecture] Semantics

Answer 32

Ideas to words

Question 33

[Lecture] Categorical Perception

Answer 33

Tuned to a narrow boundary to discriminate phonemes

Question 34

[Lecture] Syntax

Answer 34

Stringing individual words to create meaning

Question 35

[Lecture] Noam Chomsky

Answer 35

Universal grammar–we all have one human language:

(1) all languages have identifiable subjects, verbs and objects
(2) all languages have similar arrangement
(3) rules and words are separable

Question 36

[Lecture] Pragmatics

Answer 36

Focused on the practical use of language

Question 37

[Lecture] Implicature

Answer 37

Implication goes beyond literal meaning