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Pediatrics > Chapter 7: Health Promotion and Maintenance for the Newborn and Infant > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Health Promotion and Maintenance for the Newborn and Infant Flashcards

1
Q

T/F

Infant health supervision visits are very important to support the health of the baby and the family unit.

A

true

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2
Q

When does health promotion and maintenance begin for the newborn?

A

during the stay in the hospital or birthing center

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3
Q

Discharge of the mother and baby should occur only after appropriate __________ is confirmed and a thorough physical examination shows normal results.

A

growth

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4
Q

For newborns discharged between 48 and 72 hours of age, the first follow-up healthcare visit should occur by __________ of age.

a. 24 hours

b. 3 hours

c. 4 days

d. 5 days

A

d. 5 days

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5
Q

The first scheduled health supervision of infancy is at ________of age.

a. 1 day

b. one month

c. two months

d. 12 months

A

b. one month

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6
Q

T/F

Assessment of growth and development begins at birth and continues in newborn and infant health promotion and maintenance visits.

A

true

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7
Q

A delay in mastering functions, such as motor coordination and behavioral skills.

A

developmental delay

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8
Q

T/F

Babies will double their birth weight by 1 year of age.

A

false; triple

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9
Q

Match the correct age with the correct nutrition teaching.

  • Support breastfeeding efforts.
  • Teach correct formula types and preparation if used.
  • Teach burping and rate of feeding information.

a. newborn
b. 1 month
c. 2 months
d. 4 months
e. 6 months
f. 9 months
g. 12 months

A

a. newborn

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10
Q

Match the correct age with the correct nutrition teaching.

  • Continue teaching listed above.
  • Offer support for breastfeeding and reinforce that breast milk is the only intake needed by infants at this age.

a. newborn
b. 1 month
c. 2 months
d. 4 months
e. 6 months
f. 9 months
g. 12 months

A

b. 1 month

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11
Q

Match the correct age with the correct nutrition teaching.

  • Review fluid needs of infants.
  • Reinforce food safety for partially used bottles of breast milk or formula.
  • Use warm water for heating bottles rather than microwave to avoid burning.

a. newborn
b. 1 month
c. 2 months
d. 4 months
e. 6 months
f. 9 months
g. 12 months

A

c. 2 months

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12
Q

Match the correct age with the correct nutrition teaching.

  • Discuss introduction of first foods between 4 and 6 months, and surveillance for symptoms of allergy or intolerance.

a. newborn
b. 1 month
c. 2 months
d. 4 months
e. 6 months
f. 9 months
g. 12 months

A

d. 4 months

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13
Q

Match the correct age with the correct nutrition teaching.

Encourage families to view feedings as social interactions; emphasize importance of holding the newborn and not propping bottles.

a. newborn
b. 1 month
c. 2 months
d. 4 months
e. 6 months
f. 9 months
g. 12 months

A

a. newborn

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14
Q

Match the correct age with the correct nutrition teaching.

  • Warn against feeding honey in the first year of life due to risk of botulism.
  • Begin daily cleaning of infant gums.
  • Provide information about any supplements needed

a. newborn
b. 1 month
c. 2 months
d. 4 months
e. 6 months
f. 9 months
g. 12 months

A

c. 2 months

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15
Q

Match the correct age with the correct nutrition teaching.

Discuss changing food patterns such as increasing amounts and decreasing numbers of daily milk feedings.

a. newborn
b. 1 month
c. 2 months
d. 4 months
e. 6 months
f. 9 months
g. 12 months

A

d. 4 months

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16
Q

Match the correct age with the correct nutrition teaching.

  • Reinforce proper introduction of new foods, to include rice cereal, vegetables, and fruits.
  • Discuss any unusual food reactions observed.
  • Introduce cup for drinking and soft finger foods.

a. newborn
b. 1 month
c. 2 months
d. 4 months
e. 6 months
f. 9 months
g. 12 months

A

e. 6 months

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17
Q

Match the correct age with the correct nutrition teaching.

  • Serve juice only in a cup and limit to no more than 6 oz daily.
  • Caution about common choking foods and items.
  • Provide information about fluoride supplement if water supply is not fluoridated.

a. newborn
b. 1 month
c. 2 months
d. 4 months
e. 6 months
f. 9 months
g. 12 months

A

e. 6 months

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18
Q

Match the correct age with the correct nutrition teaching.

  • If mother does not continue to breastfeed, teach family to use iron-fortified formula for the first year of life.
  • Encourage self-feeding of finger foods, integrating common foods for the family.
  • Introduce source of protein such as tofu, cheese, mashed beans, and slivers of meats.

a. newborn
b. 1 month
c. 2 months
d. 4 months
e. 6 months
f. 9 months
g. 12 months

A

f. 9 months

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19
Q

Match the correct age with the correct nutrition teaching.

  • Support mother who wishes to continue breastfeeding beyond 1 year of age.
  • Encourage cups for all feedings other than breast.

a. newborn
b. 1 month
c. 2 months
d. 4 months
e. 6 months
f. 9 months
g. 12 months

A

g. 12 months

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20
Q

T/F

Muscle development begins late in fetal life.

A

false; begins early

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21
Q

The __________ position of the newborn demonstrates development of the flexor muscles and relaxation of the extensor muscle s.

A

flexed

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22
Q

What is needed for adequate development of fine and gross motor skills in infancy.

A

physical activity

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23
Q

T/F

As long as infants are meeting developmental milestones and have a stimulating environment that provides opportunity for fine and gross motor activity, they will use their motor skills, thus enhancing their performance.

A

true

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24
Q

What position should infants sleep on?

A

supine - their backs

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25
Q

the presence of one or more decayed, missing, or filled tooth surfaces in primary teeth in a child 71 months of age or younger

A

early childhood caries (ECC)

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26
Q

wariness of strange people and places, often shown by infants between 6 and 18 months of age

A

stranger anxiety

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27
Q

distress behaviors observed in young children separated from familiar caregivers

A

separation anxiety

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28
Q

Process of dealing with feelings, learning to soothe self, and focusing on activities for increasing periods of time.

A

self-regulation

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29
Q

In the first six months, how many hours of sleep does the infant get daily?

A

14 to 18 hours

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30
Q

T/F

variability in sleep patterns is common, and not usually the result of changes in the infant’s daily schedule

A

true

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31
Q

T/F

Family adaptation to a new baby beings in pregnancy, and evidence of initial family adaptation to pregnancy may be predictive of future parental coping.

A

true

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32
Q

What is the primary site where the infant learns to interact with other people?

A

the family

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33
Q

T/F

Infants are prone to many infectious diseases, especially once passive immunity from the mother wanes at about 3 months of age.

A

false ; 6 months

34
Q

Match the correct hazard to the developmental characteristic.

mobility increases in the first year of life, progressing from squirming movements to crawling, rolling, and standing

a. falls
b. burns
c. motor vehicle crashes
d. drowning

A

a. falls

35
Q

Match the correct hazard to the preventative measures.

  • Do not leave the newborn or infant unsecured in infant seat, even in newborn period.
  • Do not place on high surfaces such as tables or beds unless holding child.

a. falls
b. burns
c. motor vehicle crashes
d. drowning

A

a. falls

36
Q

Match the correct hazard to the preventative measures.

  • Once mobile by crawling, keep doors to stairways closed or use gates
  • Standing walkers have led to many injuries and are not recommended.

a. falls
b. burns
c. motor vehicle crashes
d. drowning

A

a. falls

37
Q

Match the correct hazard to the developmental characteristic.

  • infant control is dependent on caregivers for environmental control
  • the second half of the first year is marked by crawling and increased mobility
  • objects are explored by touching and placing in mouth

a. falls
b. burns
c. motor vehicle crashes
d. drowning

A

b. burns

38
Q

Match the correct hazard to the preventative measures.

  • Check temperature of bath water and food/liquids for drinking.
  • Cover electrical outlets.
  • Supervise infant so that play with electrical cords cannot occur.

a. falls
b. burns
c. motor vehicle crashes
d. drowning

A

b. burns

39
Q

Match the correct hazard to the developmental characteristic.

  • infant is dependent on caretakers for placement in car
  • on impact with another motor vehicle, an infant held on a lap acts as a missile

a. falls
b. burns
c. motor vehicle crashes
d. drowning

A

c. motor vehicle crashes

40
Q

Match the correct hazard to the preventative measures.

  • Use only approved restraint systems (according to federal motor vehicle safety standards).
  • The seat must be used for every trip, even if very short.
  • The seat must be properly buckled to the car’s lap belt system.

a. falls
b. burns
c. motor vehicle crashes
d. drowning

A

c. motor vehicle crashes

41
Q

Match the correct hazard to the developmental characteristic.

infant cannot swim and is unable to lift head

a. falls
b. burns
c. motor vehicle crashes
d. drowning

A

d. drowning

42
Q

Match the correct hazard to the preventative measures.

  • Never leave a newborn or infant alone in a bath of even 2.5 cm (1 in.) of water.
  • Supervise when in water even when a life preserver is worn.

a. falls
b. burns
c. motor vehicle crashes
d. drowning

A

d. drowning

43
Q

Match the correct hazard to the preventative measures.

  • Supervision should be provided by adults, not older children.
  • Flotation devices such as arm inflatables are not certified life preservers.

a. falls
b. burns
c. motor vehicle crashes
d. drowning

A

d. drowning

44
Q

Match the correct hazard to the developmental characteristic.

newborns and infants are dependent on caretakers to keep harmful substances out of reach

a. poisoning
b. choking
c. suffocation
d. strangulation

A

a. poisoning

45
Q

Match the correct hazard to the preventative measures.

  • Keep medicines out of reach.
  • Teach proper dosage and administration of medicines to parents.

a. poisoning
b. choking
c. suffocation
d. strangulation

A

a. poisoning

46
Q

Match the correct hazard to the preventative measures.

  • Cleaning products and other harmful substances should not be stored where the infant can reach them.
  • Remove plants from play areas.
  • Have poison control center number by telephone.

a. poisoning
b. choking
c. suffocation
d. strangulation

A

a. poisoning

47
Q

Match the correct hazard to the developmental characteristic.

  • the second half of infancy is marked by exploratory reaching and mouthing of objects
  • infant explored objects by placing them in the mouth

a. poisoning
b. choking
c. suffocation
d. strangulation

A

b. choking

48
Q

Match the correct hazard to the preventative measures.

  • Avoid foods that commonly cause choking.
  • Keep small toys away from infants, especially toys labeled “not intended for use by those under 3 years.”

a. poisoning
b. choking
c. suffocation
d. strangulation

A

b. choking

49
Q

Match the correct hazard to the developmental characteristic.

the newborn and young infant have minimal head control and may be unable to move if vomiting or having difficulty breathing

a. poisoning
b. choking
c. suffocation
d. strangulation

A

c. suffocation

50
Q

Match the correct hazard to the preventative measures.

  • Position newborn and infant on back for sleep.
  • Do not place pillows, stuffed toys, bumpers, blankets, or other objects in the crib.
  • Avoid latex balloons.

a. poisoning
b. choking
c. suffocation
d. strangulation

A

c. suffocation

51
Q

Match the correct hazard to the preventative measures.

-Do not use plastic in crib.

  • Co-sleeping with the parent is discouraged because of the danger of suffocation.
  • Sleep with the baby near but not in the parental bed.

a. poisoning
b. choking
c. suffocation
d. strangulation

A

c. suffocation

52
Q

Match the correct hazard to the developmental characteristic.

infant is able to get head into railings or crib slats but cannot remove it

a. poisoning
b. choking
c. suffocation
d. strangulation

A

d. strangulation

53
Q

Match the correct hazard to the preventative measures.

  • Be sure older cribs have slats spaced no more than 6 cm(2⅜in.)(2⅜in.)apart
  • The mattress must fit tightly against the crib rails.

a. poisoning
b. choking
c. suffocation
d. strangulation

A

d. strangulation

54
Q

A mother asks the nurse about her infant’s weight gain during the first year. The nurse should explain that:

A. The infant’s weight doubles by 1 year of age.

B. The infant’s weight triples by 1 year of age.

C. The infant’s weight increases by 50% by 1 year of age.

D. The infant’s weight remains relatively stable.

A

B. The infant’s weight triples by 1 year of age.

Rationale: By 1 year of age, an infant’s weight typically triples compared to their birth weight due to rapid growth and nutritional intake.

55
Q

The nurse teaches parents about preventing sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Which statement by the parent indicates correct understanding?

A. “I will place my baby on her stomach to sleep.

B. “I will remove all toys and blankets from the crib.

C. “I will place my baby on her side to sleep.

D. “I will allow my baby to sleep in a car seat for naps.”

A

B. “I will remove all toys and blankets from the crib.

Rationale: To prevent SIDS, the infant should sleep on their back on a firm mattress without pillows, toys, or excess blankets that may increase the risk of suffocation.

56
Q

During a routine check-up, an infant is noted to have two teeth. The nurse understands this finding is consistent with:

A. 2 months of age.
B. 4 months of age.
C. 6 months of age.
D. 12 months of age.

A

C. 6 months of age.

Rationale: Most infants have their first two teeth by 6 months of age. Oral health care should begin as soon as teeth erupt.

57
Q

A nurse is educating parents about introducing solid foods to their infant. Which food is most appropriate to start with?

A. Mashed bananas.

B. Cooked spinach.

C. Rice cereal.

D. Cow’s milk.

A

C. Rice cereal.

Rationale: Rice cereal is typically introduced first between 4 and 6 months because it is easily digestible and unlikely to cause allergic reactions.

58
Q

The nurse observes a parent feeding their 9-month-old infant with a bottle while the infant is lying in bed. What is the primary concern?

A. Obesity.

B. Bottle refusal.

C. Early childhood caries.

D. Aspiration.

A

C. Early childhood caries.

Rationale: Prolonged bottle feeding, especially during sleep, can lead to early childhood caries due to prolonged exposure to sugars.

59
Q

The nurse provides education about teething care for an infant. What recommendations should the nurse include? (SATA)

A. Use cool teething rings.
B. Provide ibuprofen as needed.
C. Offer a small amount of honey to soothe gums.
D. Wipe gums with soft, moist gauze.
E. Avoid bottle feeding during sleep.

A

A. Use cool teething rings.
D. Wipe gums with soft, moist gauze.
E. Avoid bottle feeding during sleep.

Rationale: Cool teething rings can soothe gum discomfort. Wiping gums promotes oral hygiene. Avoid bottle feeding during sleep to prevent caries. Honey is contraindicated in infants under 1 year due to botulism risk.

60
Q

Which developmental milestones should a nurse expect in a 6-month-old infant?

A. Rolling over from front to back.

B. Sitting without support.

C. Babbling with vowel sounds.

D. Crawling on hands and knees.

E. Transferring objects between hands.

A

A. Rolling over from front to back.

C. Babbling with vowel sounds.

E. Transferring objects between hands.

Rationale: At 6 months, infants typically roll over, babble, and transfer objects between hands. Sitting unsupported and crawling usually occur later.

61
Q

The nurse teaches parents about injury prevention for their crawling infant. Which safety measures should be included?

A. Secure furniture to walls.

B. Keep small objects out of reach.

C. Use an infant walker for mobility.

D. Install safety gates at stairways.

E. Place hot liquids on high counters.

A

A. Secure furniture to walls.

B. Keep small objects out of reach.

D. Install safety gates at stairways.

Rationale: Secure furniture, remove choking hazards, and install safety gates to prevent falls. Infant walkers are not recommended due to injury risks.

62
Q

During a well-baby visit, a parent expresses concern about their infant’s disrupted sleep patterns. Which advice should the nurse provide?

A. “Disrupted sleep patterns are uncommon after 6 months.”

B. “Sleep patterns can vary from night to night, which is normal.”

C. “You should limit naps to one per day.”

D. “Co-sleeping with your infant will improve their sleep.”

A

B. “Sleep patterns can vary from night to night, which is normal.”

Rationale: Sleep variability is typical in infants and not necessarily due to changes in routine. Parents should be reassured that this is normal.

63
Q

The nurse is assessing an infant’s development. Which finding would require further evaluation?

A. No head control at 3 months of age.

B. Not crawling at 9 months.

C. Not babbling by 6 months.

D. Not walking at 1 year.

A

A. No head control at 3 months of age.

Rationale: By 3 months, infants should exhibit some head control. Lack of head control may indicate developmental delays requiring further investigation.

64
Q

A nurse teaches parents about appropriate play activities for a 4-month-old infant. Which toy would be most appropriate?

A. Stacking rings.

B. Rattle.

C. Push-pull toy.

D. Soft stuffed animal.

A

B. Rattle.

Rationale: Rattles are suitable for infants at this age as they promote sensory development and grasping skills.

65
Q

What is the best way to monitor an infant’s growth during the first year?

A. Measuring weight alone.

B. Plotting length, weight, and head circumference on a growth chart.

C. Comparing growth to siblings’ patterns.

D. Measuring weight gain monthly.

A

B. Plotting length, weight, and head circumference on a growth chart.

Rationale: Tracking length, weight, and head circumference on standardized growth charts ensures an accurate assessment of physical growth.

66
Q

What is the recommended age for the first dental visit?

A. At birth.
B. When the first tooth erupts.
C. Within 6 months of the first tooth eruption or by 12 months.
D. At 2 years of age.

A

C. Within 6 months of the first tooth eruption or by 12 months.

Rationale: The first dental visit is recommended within 6 months of tooth eruption or by 12 months to establish preventive dental care.

67
Q

The nurse teaches parents about introducing new foods to their infant. What guidelines should be included?

A. Introduce one food at a time.

B. Introduce fruits before vegetables.

C. Monitor for food allergies.

D. Add salt for taste enhancement.

E. Start with single-grain cereals.

A

A. Introduce one food at a time.

C. Monitor for food allergies.

E. Start with single-grain cereals.

Rationale: New foods should be introduced one at a time to monitor allergies. Single-grain cereals are often the first food introduced. Avoid adding salt or sugar.

68
Q

*A nurse discusses the prevention of early childhood caries with a parent. What recommendations should the nurse provide?

A. Avoid breastfeeding to sleep.
B. Wipe gums and teeth with a soft gauze daily.
C. Offer juice in a bottle only during meals.
D. Avoid bottle feeding in bed.
E. Begin using fluoride toothpaste at 2 years of age.

A

A. Avoid breastfeeding to sleep.
B. Wipe gums and teeth with a soft gauze daily.
D. Avoid bottle feeding in bed.

Rationale: Breastfeeding or bottle feeding during sleep can increase the risk of caries. Oral hygiene practices, such as wiping gums, are essential. Fluoride use begins earlier if prescribed by a dentist.

69
Q

The nurse teaches parents about disease prevention for their infant. Which interventions should the nurse emphasize?

A. Schedule a CBC at 9-12 months.

B. Avoid lead exposure by testing paint and water.

C. Delay vaccinations until after 12 months.

D. Introduce iron-rich foods at 9 months.

E. Support hand hygiene for all family members.

A

A. Schedule a CBC at 9-12 months.

B. Avoid lead exposure by testing paint and water.

D. Introduce iron-rich foods at 9 months.

E. Support hand hygiene for all family members.

Rationale: CBC and lead screenings are routine preventive measures. Iron-rich foods and hand hygiene help maintain health. Vaccines should not be delayed.

70
Q

A 9-month-old infant has recently transitioned to formula feeding after breastfeeding. What recommendation should the nurse provide to the parents?

A. Use regular cow’s milk.
B. Use iron-fortified formula.
C. Mix formula with whole milk.
D. Avoid formula after 12 months.

A

B. Use iron-fortified formula.

Rationale: Iron-fortified formula is recommended for infants transitioning from breastfeeding to ensure adequate iron intake and prevent anemia.

71
Q

The nurse is teaching about infant sleep patterns. Which statement is correct regarding sleep needs for an infant aged 6–12 months?

A. “Infants require 14–18 hours of sleep daily.
B. “Infants sleep 12–14 hours daily, including naps.”
C. “Night awakenings are uncommon by this age.”
D. “Infants no longer require daytime naps.”

A

B. “Infants sleep 12–14 hours daily, including naps.”

Rationale: Between 6 and 12 months, infants typically sleep 12–14 hours, which includes longer nighttime sleep and one to three naps.

72
Q

The nurse notes that a 4-month-old infant has a flat area on the back of the head. What is the best intervention to prevent further flattening?

A. Position the infant upright during sleep.

B. Allow the infant to sleep on their side.

C. Limit time spent in car seats and swings

D. Encourage supervised tummy time daily.

A

D. Encourage supervised tummy time daily.

Rationale: Supervised tummy time helps strengthen neck muscles and reduces the risk of positional plagiocephaly (flattened head).

73
Q

What is the primary purpose of performing a CBC between 9 and 12 months of age?

A. Evaluate for anemia and nutritional status.

B. Check for congenital blood disorders.

C. Determine baseline white blood cell count.

D. Monitor for lead exposure.

A

A. Evaluate for anemia and nutritional status.

Rationale: A CBC at this age assesses for anemia, particularly if breastfeeding has ceased, and evaluates nutritional status.

74
Q

The parents of a 6-month-old ask when to introduce a sippy cup. What is the nurse’s best response?

A. “At 4 months of age.”

B. “At 6–9 months of age.”

C. “At 12 months of age.”

D. “When the infant begins walking.”

A

B. “At 6–9 months of age.”

Rationale: Sippy cups are often introduced between 6 and 9 months to promote self-feeding and a gradual transition from bottles.

75
Q

The nurse educates parents about preventing suffocation in infants. What strategies should the nurse recommend?

A. Avoid placing pillows in the crib.

B. Remove toys and loose bedding from the crib.

C. Allow infants to sleep on their stomachs.

D. Ensure the mattress fits snugly in the crib.

E. Use a crib with wide slats for air circulation.

A

A. Avoid placing pillows in the crib.

B. Remove toys and loose bedding from the crib.

D. Ensure the mattress fits snugly in the crib.

Rationale: Suffocation risks can be minimized by avoiding pillows and toys, ensuring a snug mattress fit, and placing infants on their back to sleep. Cribs should have slats no wider than 2 3/8 inches.

76
Q

Which signs of teething should the nurse include in a parent education session?

A. Increased drooling.

B. Disrupted sleep.

C. Low-grade fever.

D. High fever and diarrhea.

E. Increased chewing behavior.

A

A. Increased drooling.

B. Disrupted sleep.

C. Low-grade fever.

E. Increased chewing behavior.

Rationale: Common signs of teething include drooling, disrupted sleep, and increased chewing. High fever and diarrhea are not typical teething symptoms and should prompt further evaluation.

77
Q

What topics should the nurse discuss during a health promotion session for a newborn prior to discharge?

A. Car seat safety.
B. SIDS prevention.
C. Feeding schedules.
D. Shaken baby syndrome.
E. Introduction of whole milk.

A

A. Car seat safety.
B. SIDS prevention.
C. Feeding schedules.
D. Shaken baby syndrome.

Rationale: Discharge teaching should include car seat safety, SIDS prevention, feeding guidance, and education on avoiding shaken baby syndrome. Whole milk is introduced after 1 year of age.

78
Q

The nurse is educating parents about developmental milestones. Which milestone is expected at 9 months of age?

A. Sitting without support.

B. Walking independently.

C. Saying 3–5 words.

D. Rolling from back to stomach.

A

A. Sitting without support.

Rationale: At 9 months, most infants can sit without support. Walking and more advanced speech development occur later.

79
Q

A parent asks about introducing cow’s milk to their infant. The nurse should advise that cow’s milk should not be given until:

A. 6 months of age.
B. 9 months of age.
C. 12 months of age.
D. 18 months of age.

A

C. 12 months of age.

Rationale: Cow’s milk should be introduced after 12 months to avoid nutritional deficiencies, particularly iron deficiency.

80
Q

During a check-up, an infant is in the 10th percentile for weight. What is the priority nursing action?

A. Reassure the parents that this is normal.

B. Recommend high-calorie formula supplementation.

C. Refer the infant to a specialist for failure to thrive

D. Review the infant’s feeding schedule and habits.

A

D. Review the infant’s feeding schedule and habits.

Rationale: The nurse should assess feeding practices first to determine if nutritional intake is adequate before considering further interventions.

81
Q

What is the best recommendation to reduce the risk of early childhood caries?

A. Limit formula intake to 16 oz/day.

B. Avoid putting an infant to bed with a bottle.

C. Offer juice only once per day.

D. Avoid breastfeeding beyond 1 year.

A

B. Avoid putting an infant to bed with a bottle.

Rationale: Prolonged bottle use during sleep increases exposure to sugars, which can cause caries. Breastfeeding can continue beyond 1 year with proper oral care.

82
Q

The nurse educates parents about the importance of supervised tummy time. What benefits should the nurse include?

A. Reduces the risk of SIDS.

B. Promotes neck muscle strength.

C. Enhances gross motor development.

D. Improves digestion.

E. Prevents positional plagiocephaly.

A

B. Promotes neck muscle strength.

C. Enhances gross motor development.

E. Prevents positional plagiocephaly.

Rationale: Tummy time strengthens neck muscles, aids gross motor skills, and prevents flat spots on the back of the head. It does not reduce SIDS risk or affect digestion.

Pediatrics (28 decks)

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