Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > Chapter 7 - DNA Replication and Gene Expression > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - DNA Replication and Gene Expression Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The biological process of producing two replicas of DNA from an original copy.

A

DNA replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Turning DNA into multiple “working copies” in the form of RNA to provide instructions to produce enzymes/structural proteins.

A

transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

RNA molecules are read and decoded to form the enzymes/structural proteins of the cell.

A

translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The systems ability to deal with damage to the core DNA molecules of the cell.

A

DNA repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The ________ experiment was one of the earliest experiments that pointed out that DNA could contribute to hereditary information in bacteria.

A

Griffith

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Griffith found that when ______ (_) strains of S. pneumoniae were injected into mice, the virus killed them.

A

smooth (S)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Griffith found that when ______ (_) strains of S. pneumoniae were injected into mice, the virus did not kill them.

A

rough (R)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Griffith found that when the _____________ R strain and heat killed ___________ S strain were both injected into the mice, the mice were killed. This suggests that…

A

nonpathogenic, pathogenic
a transformation occurred

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The ________________________ experiment used mixtures obtained from S strains but digested away one component at a time to show that the mixture with ___ left over could still transform. This suggests that…

A

Avery, MacLeod and McCarty, DNA
DNA was the molecule responsible for transformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What 3 scientists are responsible for the discovery of the double-stranded double helix structure of DNA?

A

Rosalind Franklin
James Watson
Francis Crick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Each nucleotide consists of a ____-______ _____ (2-deoxyribose), a _________ group attatched to the 5’ carbon of the sugar, and a ___________ base attached to the 1’ carbon of the sugar.

A

five-carbon sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

One strand of DNA is _______________ to the other strand.

A

complementary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Adenine pairs with _______, and cytosine pairs with _______ by hydrogen bonds.

A

thymine, guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

______________ covalent bonds form the sugar/phosphate backbone of each strand.

A

phospodiester

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

While the overall structure of DNA is the ____ across all three domains, the way it is _________ is not.

A

same, packaged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

________ DNA is a single circular chromosome.

A

Bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

_______ DNA is a singular circular chromosome packaged around histone proteins.

A

Archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

_______ DNA is multiple linear chromosomes packed around histone proteins.

A

Eukarya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

DNA replication is a ________________ process, meaning that each time the DNA is copied, each copy carries one strand of the original molecule and one newly made strand.

A

semiconservative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

DNA replication begins at a specific site on the chromosome, the origin of replication, or ____

A

oriC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

A _______ aids in the unwinding of DNA during DNA replication.

A

helicase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

A ______ is recruited to lay down initial RNA primers needed for DNA polymerases to work.

A

primase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

______-________ ___ _______ ________ (____) are recruited to help keep the DNA unwound.

A

Single-stranded DNA binding proteins (SSB)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Eukaryal replication initiates ________ origins of replication on each chromosome.

A

multiple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Once the replication fork forms, ___ _________ adds nucleotides to the intial RNA primers.

A

DNA polymerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

A continuous _______ stand and a discontinuous _______ strand are formed.

A

leading, lagging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The lagging strands form ______ fragments.

A

Okazaki

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

On the lagging strand, ___ _________ _ removes the RNA primers and fills in the gaps with new nucleotides.

A

DNA polymerase I

29
Q

DNA ______ seals the sugar/phosphate backbone of the fragments, making the lagging strand continuous.

A

ligase

30
Q

A region of repetitive DNA sequences at the end of a chromosome.

A

Telomere

31
Q

__________ extends the ends of chromosomes so sequences arent lost after rounds of replication.

A

Telomerase

32
Q

A ____ is a segment of DNA that gets transcribed (copied) into ssRNA.

A

gene

33
Q

DNA is __________ into RNA. (initiation, elongation, and termination)

A

transcribed

34
Q

_________ RNA (____) is approximately 500-10,000 nucleotides and codes molecules translated into proteins.

A

Messenger (mRNA)

35
Q

_________ RNA (____) is approximately 75-100 nucleotides and is involved in translation & charged with amino acids.

A

Transfer (tRNA)

36
Q

_________ RNA (____) is made up of a small and large subunit.

A

Ribosomal (rRNA)

37
Q

_________ RNA (____) is approximately <100 nucleotides and serves various regulatory functions.

A

Micro (miRNA)

38
Q

The basic process of transcription starts at a ________ (the region of DNA where RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription).

A

promoter

39
Q

In bacteria, _____ _______ bound to RNA polymerase care enzyme direct the combined holoenzyme to a promoter.

A

sigma factors

40
Q

Transcription in archaea resemble __________ transcription (transcription factors).

A

eukaryal

41
Q

Termination in bacteria can occur in two processes: Rho-_________ or Rho-____________.

A

dependent, independent

42
Q

A rho protein follows RNA polymerase and pops it off the DNA when it reaches a termination sequence=

A

rho-dependent

43
Q

The DNA sequence transcribed forms an RNA hairpin loop structure that causes the RNA polymerase to dissociate from the DNA=

A

rho-independent

44
Q

How is eukaryal RNA is modified after transcription:

A
  • 5’ cap added
  • poly(A) tail added
  • intorns spliced out, exons joined together
45
Q

During ___________, the information contained in the mRNA molecules is decoded to form proteins.

A

translation

46
Q

During translation, ribosomes interact with the mRNA and _____ charged with particular _____ _____ are delivered to the system.

A

tRNAs, amino acids

47
Q

Each nucleotide triplet (_____) matches a complementary _________ on each tRNA molecule.

A

codon, anticodon

48
Q

_______ bonds are formed between the amino acids that are delivered.

A

peptide

49
Q

The codon on the mRNA doesn’t need to be an exact match to the _________ (“wobble” phenomenon)

A

anticodon

50
Q

Segment of mRNA that binds to the 16S rRNA of the small ribosomal subunit and properly aligns mRNA on the ribosome in bacteria.

A

Shine-Dalgarno sequence

51
Q

Because of multiple Shine‒Dalgarno sequences, bacterial mRNA can be ______________ (coding for more than one protein) while eukaryal mRNA is usually ____________.

A

polycistronic, monocistronic

52
Q

When ribosomes reach a ____ _____, release factors cause the complex to come apart, releasing the new protein for folding and modification.

A

stop codon

53
Q

Proteins must fold into their _________/________ forms.
Some proteins require assembly of multiple subunits to form a ___________ structure.

A

primary/tertiary, quaternary

54
Q

_________ __________ (___________) assist in correct folding/refolding of polypeptide sequences.

A

Molecular chaperones (chaperonins)

55
Q

Molecular chaperones (chaperonins) were originally referred to as “____-_____ ________” because they appear after exposure of cells to heat.

A

heat-shock proteins

56
Q

Because of the lack of a nuclear membrane in bacteria, transcription and translation can be _______.

A

coupled

57
Q

In general, DNA replication occurs without much error—but mistakes (________) can occur.

A

mutations

58
Q

This mutation is usually in the third position of a codon; results in no change in the amino acid sequence of the protein.

A

silent

59
Q

This mutation is a change in a codon that results in coding for a different amino acid at that position in the eventual protein.

A

missense

60
Q

This mutation is a change that forms a stop codon where one shouldn’t be found.

A

nonsense

61
Q

Insertions or deletions of nucleotides can also result in a mutation known as a “___________” that change how a ribosome reads an mRNA molecule.

A

frameshift

62
Q

Mutation where a section of DNA is inverted and reinserted into the genome.

A

inversion

63
Q

Mutation where a segment of a chromosome breaks off and reattaches to a different location.

A

translocation

64
Q

_________ (such as nitrous acid on the right) can induce mutations at a higher rate than is found spontaneously.

A

Chemicals

65
Q

___________ _____can also cause a higher than expected mutation rate in DNA by forming _______ ______.

A

ultraviolet light, thymine dimers

66
Q

Complex mechanisms for repairing DNA:

A
  • Mismatch repair systems
  • Photolyase (for thymine dimers)
  • DNA polymerase 3’ to 5’ exonuclease proofreading activity
67
Q

Process that corrects errors in DNA replication by excising several bases around the mismatched base, filling in the resulting gap with the correct bases, and linking together the adjoining fragments

A

mismatch repair system

68
Q

Action of DNA polymerase that identifies and removes an incorrect base that has been incorporated into a growing chain.

A

DNA polymerase 3’ to 5’ exonuclease proofreading activity

69
Q

Enzyme that repairs thymine dimers by cleaving the covalent bonds linking adjacent thymine bases

A

photolyase

Microbiology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions