Chapter 14 - Introduction to Infectious Disease

Question 1

A disturbance in normal functioning of an organism (caused by a microbe and transmitted form host to host)

Answer 1

Disease

Question 2

________ diseases are infectious diseases of animals that can cause disease when transmitted to humans (e.g. rabies)

Answer 2

Zoonotic

Question 3

A microbe that routinely causes disease =

Answer 3

Pathogens

Question 4

___________ is a mechanism that a microbe uses to cause the disease state.

Answer 4

Pathogenesis

Question 5

__________ refers to the replication of a pathogen in or on its host.

Answer 5

Infection

Question 6

Subjective manifestations of disease (e.g. nausea, pain, cramping)

Answer 6

Symptoms

Question 7

Measurable manifestations of disease (e.g. diarrhea, fever, low T cell count)

Answer 7

Signs

Question 8

_______ pathogens tend to produce disease readily in healthy hosts.

Answer 8

Primary

Question 9

____________ pathogens cause disease only when a host has been compromised.

Answer 9

Opportunistic

Question 10

Measure of the severity of disease a pathogen can induce.

Answer 10

Virulence

Question 11

Proportion of infected individuals who develop the disease.

Answer 11

Case-to-infection (CI) ratio

Question 12

What are weakened strains that show decreased virulence and are useful for vaccine development called?

Answer 12

Attenuated

Question 13

___________ strains can no longer cause disease.

Answer 13

Avirulent

Question 14

Individuals infected with a pathogenic microbe who never exhibits overt signs and symptoms =

Answer 14

Carriers/ Asymptomatic

Question 15

To cause an infection a pathogen must gain _____ to the host, _________ to and _________ specific cells &/or tissues within the host, _______ host defenses, obtain __________ from the host, and _____ the host.

Answer 15

entry
attach
invade
evade
nutrients
exit

Question 16

__________ may occur through specific protein: protein interactions.

Answer 16

Attachment

Question 17

After achieving attachment & invasion, pathogens must still avoid ____________ by host defenses.

Answer 17

elimination

Question 18

The group of organisms that the pathogen can infect =

Answer 18

host range

Question 19

Microbes shifting their surface protein structures to evade immune responses =

Answer 19

Antigenic variation

Question 20

Evasion method that can be used by herpes virus. Includes a ________ infection (where the viral genomes do not replicate in the host cell) following be reactivation (start to multiply).

Answer 20

Latent

Question 21

________ on bacteria make them hard to phagocytose.
(evasion method)

Answer 21

Capsules

Question 22

Some microbes can replicate inside the ___________.
(evasion method)

Answer 22

phagocytes

Question 23

Bacteria use __________ _________________ (__) to digest phage DNA.

Answer 23

Restriction endonucleases (REs)

Question 24

Structures of biological origins that damages a host =

Answer 24

Toxins

Question 25

__________ are proteins produced and secreted that can have negative effects on the host cell.

Answer 25

Exotoxins

Question 26

____________ are a part of the microbial structures itself (lipopolysaccharides).

Answer 26

Endotoxins

Question 27

Spread of an infectious agent from one host to another =

Answer 27

Transmission

Question 28

(route of transmission) physical contact between infected/susceptible hosts.

Answer 28

Direct contact

Question 29

(route of transmission) Object carries agent between infected & susceptible individuals.

Answer 29

Indirect contact

Question 30

Inanimate object via which pathogens may be transferred to a susceptible host.

Answer 30

Fomite

Question 31

(route of transmission) A pathogen is excreted in the feces of one individual and then ingested by another individual.

Answer 31

Fecal-oral Transmission

Question 32

(route of transmission) Pathogens that replicate in respiratory tract and is airborne.

Answer 32

Respiratory ("aerosol") transmission

Question 33

(route of transmission) Transmitted via another species (e.g. mosquitoes carrying malaria).

Answer 33

Vector borne Transmission

Question 34

(route of transmission) Occurs during vaginal, anal, or oral sex.

Answer 34

Sexual Transmission (STDs/STIs)

Question 35

Transmission of a pathogen between members of a species other then parent to offspring =

Answer 35

Horizontal

Question 36

Pass of a pathogen from parent to child (e.g. HIV) =

Answer 36

Vertical

Question 37

The study of patterns of disease in populations =

Answer 37

Epidemiology

Question 38

The rate of disease in a population =

Answer 38

Morbidity rate

Question 39

The death rate of disease =

Answer 39

Mortality rate

Question 40

A particular incident of individual and disease (can include asymptomatic/subclinical) =

Answer 40

case

Question 41

# of new cases appearing in a population during a specific time period =

Answer 41

incidence

Question 42

Incidence Rate =

Answer 42

# of new cases per # of people

Question 43

Total # of cases in a population at a particular time =

Answer 43

Prevelence

Question 44

A disease that is habitually present in the population is an

Answer 44

endemic disease

Question 45

Endemic diseases often result in __________ patterns of increased and decreased incidence.

Answer 45

cyclical

Question 46

Incidence of disease rises significantly above the normally expected value =

Answer 46

epidemic

Question 47

Unexpected cluster of cases in a short time in a localized population =

Answer 47

outbreak

Question 48

A global epidemic (e.g. COVID-19) =

Answer 48

pandemic

Question 49

A single source of infection to which the population is exposed =

Answer 49

common-source epidemics

Question 50

_____ _______ is a common-source epidemic.

Answer 50

Food poisoning

Question 51

Infection passing from one host to another =

Answer 51

propagated epidemics

Question 52

_____'_ ___________ are used to show that a specific microbe causes a specific disease.

Answer 52

Koch's postulates

Question 53

- The suspected microbe is identified in every person with the disease, but not those without it. - A pure culture of the suspected microbe is obtained. - Experimental inoculation of the suspected microbe into a healthy test host causes the same illness. - The suspected microbe is recovered from the experimentally inoculated host organism

Answer 53

Koch's Postulates

Question 54

Studies determined that the microbe Helicobactor pylori causes _________ _________ using Koch's postulates.

Answer 54

gastric ulcers

Question 55

What is a problem with using Koch's postulates?

Answer 55

Not all individuals exhibit the same degree of infection (or may exhibit no infection at all).

Question 56

There is a _______ basis for susceptibility to certain infections.

Answer 56

genetic

Question 57

There are several points where the classic postulates are not _______ or ___________ to achieve. This is why there is a more __________ _______ on these "rules".

Answer 57

ethical, possible, modern take

Question 58

Emerging or reemerging diseases may occur when a pathogen encounters a ___ ___________.

Answer 58

new population

Question 59

An instance of an emerging disease can be seen in the zoonotic transfer of SIV to humans and the evolution of ___.

Answer 59

HIV

Question 60

_______ disease caused by the bacterium _____________ _____________ transmitted to humans by the black-legged tick.

Answer 60

Lyme, borelia burgdorferi

Question 61

While E. coli is usually nonpathogenic and aids in digestion, _____________ E. coli can cause severe intestinal diseases (e.g. strain O157:H7)

Answer 61

pathogenic

Question 62

Strain of staphylococcus aureus that is resistant to a wide variety of antibacterial medications =

Answer 62

methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)