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Microbiology > Chapter 14 - Introduction to Infectious Disease > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Introduction to Infectious Disease Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A disturbance in normal functioning of an organism (caused by a microbe and transmitted form host to host)

A

Disease

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2
Q

________ diseases are infectious diseases of animals that can cause disease when transmitted to humans (e.g. rabies)

A

Zoonotic

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3
Q

A microbe that routinely causes disease =

A

Pathogens

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4
Q

___________ is a mechanism that a microbe uses to cause the disease state.

A

Pathogenesis

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5
Q

__________ refers to the replication of a pathogen in or on its host.

A

Infection

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6
Q

Subjective manifestations of disease (e.g. nausea, pain, cramping)

A

Symptoms

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7
Q

Measurable manifestations of disease (e.g. diarrhea, fever, low T cell count)

A

Signs

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8
Q

_______ pathogens tend to produce disease readily in healthy hosts.

A

Primary

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9
Q

____________ pathogens cause disease only when a host has been compromised.

A

Opportunistic

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10
Q

Measure of the severity of disease a pathogen can induce.

A

Virulence

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11
Q

Proportion of infected individuals who develop the disease.

A

Case-to-infection (CI) ratio

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12
Q

What are weakened strains that show decreased virulence and are useful for vaccine development called?

A

Attenuated

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13
Q

___________ strains can no longer cause disease.

A

Avirulent

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14
Q

Individuals infected with a pathogenic microbe who never exhibits overt signs and symptoms =

A

Carriers/ Asymptomatic

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15
Q

To cause an infection a pathogen must gain _____ to the host, _________ to and _________ specific cells &/or tissues within the host, _______ host defenses, obtain __________ from the host, and _____ the host.

A

entry
attach
invade
evade
nutrients
exit

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16
Q

__________ may occur through specific protein: protein interactions.

A

Attachment

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17
Q

After achieving attachment & invasion, pathogens must still avoid ____________ by host defenses.

A

elimination

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18
Q

The group of organisms that the pathogen can infect =

A

host range

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19
Q

Microbes shifting their surface protein structures to evade immune responses =

A

Antigenic variation

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20
Q

Evasion method that can be used by herpes virus. Includes a ________ infection (where the viral genomes do not replicate in the host cell) following be reactivation (start to multiply).

A

Latent

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21
Q

________ on bacteria make them hard to phagocytose.
(evasion method)

A

Capsules

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22
Q

Some microbes can replicate inside the ___________.
(evasion method)

A

phagocytes

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23
Q

Bacteria use __________ _________________ (__) to digest phage DNA.

A

Restriction endonucleases (REs)

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24
Q

Structures of biological origins that damages a host =

A

Toxins

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25
Q

__________ are proteins produced and secreted that can have negative effects on the host cell.

A

Exotoxins

26
Q

____________ are a part of the microbial structures itself (lipopolysaccharides).

A

Endotoxins

27
Q

Spread of an infectious agent from one host to another =

A

Transmission

28
Q

(route of transmission) physical contact between infected/susceptible hosts.

A

Direct contact

29
Q

(route of transmission) Object carries agent between infected & susceptible individuals.

A

Indirect contact

30
Q

Inanimate object via which pathogens may be transferred to a susceptible host.

A

Fomite

31
Q

(route of transmission) A pathogen is excreted in the feces of one individual and then ingested by another individual.

A

Fecal-oral Transmission

32
Q

(route of transmission) Pathogens that replicate in respiratory tract and is airborne.

A

Respiratory (“aerosol”) transmission

33
Q

(route of transmission) Transmitted via another species (e.g. mosquitoes carrying malaria).

A

Vector borne Transmission

34
Q

(route of transmission) Occurs during vaginal, anal, or oral sex.

A

Sexual Transmission (STDs/STIs)

35
Q

Transmission of a pathogen between members of a species other then parent to offspring =

A

Horizontal

36
Q

Pass of a pathogen from parent to child (e.g. HIV) =

A

Vertical

37
Q

The study of patterns of disease in populations =

A

Epidemiology

38
Q

The rate of disease in a population =

A

Morbidity rate

39
Q

The death rate of disease =

A

Mortality rate

40
Q

A particular incident of individual and disease (can include asymptomatic/subclinical) =

A

case

41
Q

of new cases appearing in a population during a specific time period =

A

incidence

42
Q

Incidence Rate =

A

of new cases per # of people

43
Q

Total # of cases in a population at a particular time =

A

Prevelence

44
Q

A disease that is habitually present in the population is an

A

endemic disease

45
Q

Endemic diseases often result in __________ patterns of increased and decreased incidence.

A

cyclical

46
Q

Incidence of disease rises significantly above the normally expected value =

A

epidemic

47
Q

Unexpected cluster of cases in a short time in a localized population =

A

outbreak

48
Q

A global epidemic (e.g. COVID-19) =

A

pandemic

49
Q

A single source of infection to which the population is exposed =

A

common-source epidemics

50
Q

_____ _______ is a common-source epidemic.

A

Food poisoning

51
Q

Infection passing from one host to another =

A

propagated epidemics

52
Q

_____‘_ ___________ are used to show that a specific microbe causes a specific disease.

A

Koch’s postulates

53
Q
  • The suspected microbe is identified in every person with the disease, but not those without it.
  • A pure culture of the suspected microbe is obtained.
  • Experimental inoculation of the suspected microbe into a healthy test host causes the same illness.
  • The suspected microbe is recovered from the experimentally inoculated host organism
A

Koch’s Postulates

54
Q

Studies determined that the microbe Helicobactor pylori causes _________ _________ using Koch’s postulates.

A

gastric ulcers

55
Q

What is a problem with using Koch’s postulates?

A

Not all individuals exhibit the same degree of infection (or may exhibit no infection at all).

56
Q

There is a _______ basis for susceptibility to certain infections.

A

genetic

57
Q

There are several points where the classic postulates are not _______ or ___________ to achieve. This is why there is a more __________ _______ on these “rules”.

A

ethical, possible, modern take

58
Q

Emerging or reemerging diseases may occur when a pathogen encounters a ___ ___________.

A

new population

59
Q

An instance of an emerging disease can be seen in the zoonotic transfer of SIV to humans and the evolution of ___.

A

HIV

60
Q

_______ disease caused by the bacterium _____________ _____________ transmitted to humans by the black-legged tick.

A

Lyme, borelia burgdorferi

61
Q

While E. coli is usually nonpathogenic and aids in digestion, _____________ E. coli can cause severe intestinal diseases (e.g. strain O157:H7)

A

pathogenic

62
Q

Strain of staphylococcus aureus that is resistant to a wide variety of antibacterial medications =

A

methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Microbiology (11 decks)

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