Chapter 3 - Eukaryal Microbes Flashcards
Eukaryal cells are defined by the presences of a ________-_____ _______.
membrane-bound nucleus
Eukaryal cells are usually ______ than bacterial and archaeal cells.
larger
Eukaryal cells contain intracellular compartments called __________.
organelles
The nucleus plays a role in _______ and __________ of information.
storage and expression
The __________ (non-membrane bound) exists within the nucleus and is responsible for ribosome synthesis.
nucleolous
Spatial Separation means that transcription occurs in the _______ and translation occurs in the _________.
nucleus, cytoplasm
The secretory pathway, responsible for packaging and secreting proteins, uses the ___________ _________ (__) and ____ _________.
endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus
The ____________ and ___________ play a role in metabolism.
mitochondria, chloroplasts
The process where ions move across a membrane, creating an electrochemical gradient that can be used to make ATP.
chemiosmosis
Chloroplasts use ATP for carbon fixation, which fixes carbon into an organic compound (often _______ ).
glucose
Both mitochondria and chloroplasts are ____________ because they have their own DNA, ribosomes and transcription machinery and can replicate _____________ . This is the ____________ theory.
semiautonomous, independently, endosymbiotic
The ability to maintain an internal environment despite changes to the outside. This is a function of the ______ ________.
homeostasis, plasma membrane
What is the phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that allow molecule transport called?
fluid mosaic model
The structural component of _____’s cell wall is chitin.
fungi
________ has no cell wall.
protozoa
The structural component of _____’s cell wall is cellulose.
algae
What 3 major structures comprise the eukaryal cytoskeleton?
- Microfilament
- Microtubules
- Intermediate Filiments
Motion is achieved by _____ (non-motile) and ________ (motile).
cilia, flagella
_____ organisms have been studied so thoroughly that their traits define much of our scientific understanding about eukaryal cells.
Model
Saccharomyces cerevisiae =
fungi/yeast model organism, heterotroph
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used to …
make bread, beer and wine
Giardia Lamblia =
protozoa model organism
_______ _______ causes human disease (intestinal infection)
Giardia lamblia
Dictyostelium discoideum =
slime mold model organism
Model for studying ecology, cell motility and cell-cell communication.
Dictyostelium discoideum
Chlamydomonas =
algae model organism
_____________ has a two-flagella structure making it good for studying eukaryal flagella biogenesis and function.
Chlamydomonas
Chlamydia is caused by ________ _________ (not _____________).
bacterial infections, Chlamydomonas
The copying of one nucleus into two nuclei.
mitosis
This is achieved by one round of DNA replication and two rounds of cell division.
meiosis
Separation of maternal/paternal genetics and the process of crossing over creates chances for _______ _____________.
genetic recombination
Saccharomyces undergo _______ under environmental stress to form a spore case (called _____)
meiosis, ascus
Saccharomyces undergoes _______ in different ways (budding off and fission)
mitosis
During favorable conditions, one would expect to see motile _______ cells of Chlamydomonas.
HAPLOID
(Chlamydomonas) When conditions become bad, _______ cells differentiate and become _______, forming a protective spore until conditions get better.
haploid, diploid
_____________ exists in haploid unicellular form until conditions worsen.
Dictyostelium
(Dictyostelium) Eventually, _______ cells fuse into _______ microcyst form.
haploid, diploid
Eukaryotes appeared around ___ to ___ bya.
2.1 to 1.6
The theory that one primitive microbe ingested another, forming a symbiosis (explains mitochondria and chloroplasts)
Endosymbiotic Theory
3 main lines of evidence of the Endosymbiotic Theory:
- mitochondria/chloroplasts resemble bacteria in both size and shape
- arrangement of double membranes around these structures is consistent with ingestion idea
- each has its own DNA, and that DNA sequence is much more like bacteria than eukaryotic DNA
Protozoa can cause significant human ________.
diseases
Plasmodium falciparum is the protozoa responsible for the _______ disease.
malaria
Trypanosoma brucei is the protozoa responsible for _______ ________ ________ .
African Sleeping Sickness
This protozoa forms cysts in the brain and muscles.
Toxoplasma gondii
Examples of fungal infections are ________ ____ and ____ ______.
athletes foot, oral thrush
protozoa and fungi can cause significant disease in ______. Ex:
plants, potato blight and the great Irish famine in the mid 1800s
Many eukaryal microbes are _______ ________ (providing energy) or ____________ (recyclying nutrients).
primary producers, biodegraders
