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Microbiology > Chapter 6 - Cultivating Microorganisms > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Cultivating Microorganisms Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

All cells need access to large amounts of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and oxygen (_____________) to build macromolecules.

A

macronutrients

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2
Q

Various ______________ are also required by microbes for protein structure/activity and includes several metal ions.

A

micronutrients

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3
Q

__________ capture light energy to produce ATP

A

Phototroph

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4
Q

___________ capture energy from oxidation of reduced organic or inorganic compounds.

A

Chemotrophs

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5
Q

____________ acquire their electrons from organic molecules (e.g. glucose)

A

Organotrophs

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6
Q

___________ acquire their electrons from inorganic sources (e.g. H2 gas and elemental sulfur) - “rock-eaters”

A

Lithotrophs

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7
Q

__________ assimilate carbon from inorganic sources.

A

Autotrophs

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8
Q

____________ assimilate carbon in preexisting organic form.

A

Heterotrophs

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9
Q

Organism that requires certain organic precursors from the environment in order to synthesize all necessary cellular constituents (because they cannot synthesize it themselves).

A

auxotrophs

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10
Q

Organism that can synthesize all necessary cellular constituents from a single organic carbon source and inorganic precursors.

A

prototrophes

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11
Q

“capture energy” =

A

phototrophs & chemotrophs

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12
Q

“acquires electrons” =

A

organotrophs & lithotrophs

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13
Q

“assimilates carbon” =

A

heterotrophs & autotrophs

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14
Q

The one key nutrient, available in the lowest amount, that dictates how much growth can occur over time.

A

limiting factor

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15
Q

_______ grow in the presence of oxygen.

A

Aerobes

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16
Q

________ _______ REQUIRE oxygen (e.g. humans).

A

Obligate aerobes

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17
Q

_______________ grow best when there is less oxygen than normal (~2-10%).

A

Microaerophiles

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18
Q

_________ growth occurs without oxygen.

A

Anaerobic

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19
Q

____________ anaerobes aren’t harmed by oxygen, but don’t use it either.

A

Aerotolerant

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20
Q

________ _________ cannot grow when oxygen is present.

A

Obligate anaerobes

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21
Q

____________ anaerobes CAN use oxygen but can also grow in the absence of oxygen.

A

Facultative

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22
Q

___________ = pH <5.5

A

Acidophiles

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23
Q

____________ = pH 5.5-8.5

A

Neutrophiles

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24
Q

_____________ = pH >8.5

A

Alkalophiles

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25
Q

_______ ________ and ______ availability can have an effect on microbial growth.

A

Osmotic pressure, water

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26
Q

Microbial growth is affected by __________. Different microbes have different optimal __________ for growth.

A

temperature (x2)

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27
Q

The substance on which you grow bacteria.

A

media

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28
Q

Microbes can be grown in the lab on both solid (____ ______) and liquid media (______).

A

agar plates, broths

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29
Q

Mound of clonal cells that grow large enough to be seen without a microscope.

A

colony

30
Q

Media for microbial growth with an unknown chemical composition is _______.

A

complex

31
Q

Media for microbial growth with a precisely defined chemical composition is _______/__________.

A

defined, synthetic

32
Q

When cultivating E Coli, LB is a _______ media and M9 is a _________ media.

A

complex, defined

33
Q

_________ media allows for isolation of microbes with specific properties (e.g. salt tolerance of mannitol salt agar plates)

A

Selective

34
Q

____________ media allows certain microbes to be recognized based on visual reactions in the medium (e.g., lactose fermentation of E. coli on MacConkey agar).

A

Differential

35
Q

________ media can be used to increase a particular population of microbes with a specific property from a mixture of cell types.

A

Enriched

36
Q

________ media is like selective in that it selects FOR a type of microbe but doesn’t select AGAINST another.

A

Enriched

37
Q

__________ agar is both selective and differential. It selects for gram-________ bacteria. It differentiates between _______-__________ and non-fermenting bacteria.

A

MacConkey, negative, lactose-fermenting.

38
Q

Many types of bacteria can cause lysis of red blood cells, resulting in a distinctive clear zone around the colonies when cultured on _____ agar.

A

blood

39
Q

Separating a mixture of cells into a pure population creates a ____ _______.

A

pure culture

40
Q

3 Methods for separating cells on a plate:

A
  1. streak plate method
  2. spread plate method
  3. pour plate method
41
Q

Cultivation-independent method for unculturable bacteria = DNA can be amplified and sequenced by ___.

A

PCR (polymerase chain reactions)

42
Q

A culture is sterilized and streaked across sectors multiple times to isolate cells and separate colonies.

A

Streak plate

43
Q

In ___________, DNA is isolated from an environmental sample and sequenced.

A

metagenomics

44
Q

Microbes that are too accustomed to growing with their friends and neighbors to be isolated.

A

Consortia

45
Q

Mycobacterium leprae = the bacterium that causes _______, can only be cultured on armadillos because it is a microbial ________.

A

leprosy, consortia

46
Q

Methods to measure and count bacteria:

A
  1. direct counting
  2. 3.
47
Q

A known volume is loaded onto the grid and cells are counted under a light microscope.
pros: cheap, fast, easy
cons: no way to differentiate between living and dead cells

A

direct counts (Petroff- Hauser counting chamber)

48
Q

Culture is diluted, dilutions are plated, and colonies are counted. Colony-forming units per milliliter is calculated.

A

Serial dilutions and CFUs

49
Q

If cells are already very diluted, a ______ apparatus can concentrate the cells.

A

filter

50
Q

Cloudiness of a liquid that can indicate density of suspended particles or cells.

A

turbitidy

51
Q

Microbial populations can also be monitored by measuring the turbidity of a liquid culture using a _________________.

A

spectrophotometer

52
Q

The spectrophotometer gives a rough measure of cell _______ in the tube.

A

density

53
Q

Measuring microbial population growth over time =

A

the microbial growth curve

54
Q

Initial period of growth during which cells grow slowly as they adjust to new surroundings.

A

lag phase

55
Q

Common features displayed during a growth curve:

A
  1. lag phase
  2. exponential pahse
  3. stationary phase
  4. death pahse
56
Q

Period of growth during which cells divide producing more cells at a maximum rate.

A

log (exponential) phase

57
Q

Period where either replication has halted due to lack of nutrients and excessive wastes, or the rate of replication is now equal to the death rate.

A

stationary phase

58
Q

Period where nutrients and depleted and waste levels are high, cells are dying at a steady exponential rate.

A

death phase

59
Q

Open growth system to which nutrients are continually added and waste products are continually removed (to mimic a stable environment). example = the human gut

A

continuous culture

60
Q

A _________ flows in fresh medium and takes out some old medium to keep the culture in continuous operation.

A

chemostat

61
Q

__________ = a physical removal of microbes.

A

filtration

62
Q

____ can be used to kill microbes.

A

heat

63
Q

An __________ adds pressure, keeping fluids from evaporating during the high temperatures, but:

A

autoclave
hyperthermophiles thrive in high temperatures, microbial structures (endospores) resist high temperatures, some materials can’t be heated

64
Q

______________ (low-temp heating) to reduce microbe numbers.

A

pasteurization

65
Q

________ can damage cells by forming ice crystals, stops biochemical reactions, and is good for long-term preservatives.

A

Freezing

66
Q

________________ _________ can be used to control microbes. (UV radiation, ionizing radiation and gamma rays).

A

Electrochemical radiation

67
Q

Chemicals used on nonliving surfaces to kill potentially infectious microbes.

A

disinfectants

68
Q

Chemicals that can be used on living tissue to kill potentially infectious microbes (usually topically)

A

antiseptics

69
Q

Chemical methods of controlling microbes:

A
  • Alcohols
  • Phenolic compounds
  • Oxidizing agents
  • Others
70
Q

Time required to kill 90% of the target organism under specific conditions.

A

Decimal reduction time (D value)

Microbiology (11 decks)

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