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Microbiology > Chapter 6 - Cultivating Microorganisms > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Cultivating Microorganisms Flashcards

1
Q

All cells need access to large amounts of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and oxygen (_____________) to build macromolecules.

A

macronutrients

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2
Q

Various ______________ are also required by microbes for protein structure/activity and includes several metal ions.

A

micronutrients

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3
Q

__________ capture light energy to produce ATP

A

Phototroph

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4
Q

___________ capture energy from oxidation of reduced organic or inorganic compounds.

A

Chemotrophs

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5
Q

____________ acquire their electrons from organic molecules (e.g. glucose)

A

Organotrophs

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6
Q

___________ acquire their electrons from inorganic sources (e.g. H2 gas and elemental sulfur) - “rock-eaters”

A

Lithotrophs

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7
Q

__________ assimilate carbon from inorganic sources.

A

Autotrophs

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8
Q

____________ assimilate carbon in preexisting organic form.

A

Heterotrophs

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9
Q

Organism that requires certain organic precursors from the environment in order to synthesize all necessary cellular constituents (because they cannot synthesize it themselves).

A

auxotrophs

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10
Q

Organism that can synthesize all necessary cellular constituents from a single organic carbon source and inorganic precursors.

A

prototrophes

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11
Q

“capture energy” =

A

phototrophs & chemotrophs

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12
Q

“acquires electrons” =

A

organotrophs & lithotrophs

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13
Q

“assimilates carbon” =

A

heterotrophs & autotrophs

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14
Q

The one key nutrient, available in the lowest amount, that dictates how much growth can occur over time.

A

limiting factor

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15
Q

_______ grow in the presence of oxygen.

A

Aerobes

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16
Q

________ _______ REQUIRE oxygen (e.g. humans).

A

Obligate aerobes

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17
Q

_______________ grow best when there is less oxygen than normal (~2-10%).

A

Microaerophiles

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18
Q

_________ growth occurs without oxygen.

A

Anaerobic

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19
Q

____________ anaerobes aren’t harmed by oxygen, but don’t use it either.

A

Aerotolerant

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20
Q

________ _________ cannot grow when oxygen is present.

A

Obligate anaerobes

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21
Q

____________ anaerobes CAN use oxygen but can also grow in the absence of oxygen.

A

Facultative

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22
Q

___________ = pH <5.5

A

Acidophiles

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23
Q

____________ = pH 5.5-8.5

A

Neutrophiles

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24
Q

_____________ = pH >8.5

A

Alkalophiles

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25
_______ ________ and ______ availability can have an effect on microbial growth.
Osmotic pressure, water
26
Microbial growth is affected by __________. Different microbes have different optimal __________ for growth.
temperature (x2)
27
The substance on which you grow bacteria.
media
28
Microbes can be grown in the lab on both solid (____ ______) and liquid media (______).
agar plates, broths
29
Mound of clonal cells that grow large enough to be seen without a microscope.
colony
30
Media for microbial growth with an unknown chemical composition is _______.
complex
31
Media for microbial growth with a precisely defined chemical composition is _______/__________.
defined, synthetic
32
When cultivating E Coli, LB is a _______ media and M9 is a _________ media.
complex, defined
33
_________ media allows for isolation of microbes with specific properties (e.g. salt tolerance of mannitol salt agar plates)
Selective
34
____________ media allows certain microbes to be recognized based on visual reactions in the medium (e.g., lactose fermentation of E. coli on MacConkey agar).
Differential
35
________ media can be used to increase a particular population of microbes with a specific property from a mixture of cell types.
Enriched
36
________ media is like selective in that it selects FOR a type of microbe but doesn't select AGAINST another.
Enriched
37
__________ agar is both selective and differential. It selects for gram-________ bacteria. It differentiates between _______-__________ and non-fermenting bacteria.
MacConkey, negative, lactose-fermenting.
38
Many types of bacteria can cause lysis of red blood cells, resulting in a distinctive clear zone around the colonies when cultured on _____ agar.
blood
39
Separating a mixture of cells into a pure population creates a ____ _______.
pure culture
40
3 Methods for separating cells on a plate:
1. streak plate method 2. spread plate method 3. pour plate method
41
Cultivation-independent method for unculturable bacteria = DNA can be amplified and sequenced by ___.
PCR (polymerase chain reactions)
42
A culture is sterilized and streaked across sectors multiple times to isolate cells and separate colonies.
Streak plate
43
In ___________, DNA is isolated from an environmental sample and sequenced.
metagenomics
44
Microbes that are too accustomed to growing with their friends and neighbors to be isolated.
Consortia
45
Mycobacterium leprae = the bacterium that causes _______, can only be cultured on armadillos because it is a microbial ________.
leprosy, consortia
46
Methods to measure and count bacteria:
1. direct counting 2. 3.
47
A known volume is loaded onto the grid and cells are counted under a light microscope. pros: cheap, fast, easy cons: no way to differentiate between living and dead cells
direct counts (Petroff- Hauser counting chamber)
48
Culture is diluted, dilutions are plated, and colonies are counted. Colony-forming units per milliliter is calculated.
Serial dilutions and CFUs
49
If cells are already very diluted, a ______ apparatus can concentrate the cells.
filter
50
Cloudiness of a liquid that can indicate density of suspended particles or cells.
turbitidy
51
Microbial populations can also be monitored by measuring the turbidity of a liquid culture using a _________________.
spectrophotometer
52
The spectrophotometer gives a rough measure of cell _______ in the tube.
density
53
Measuring microbial population growth over time =
the microbial growth curve
54
Initial period of growth during which cells grow slowly as they adjust to new surroundings.
lag phase
55
Common features displayed during a growth curve:
1. lag phase 2. exponential pahse 3. stationary phase 4. death pahse
56
Period of growth during which cells divide producing more cells at a maximum rate.
log (exponential) phase
57
Period where either replication has halted due to lack of nutrients and excessive wastes, or the rate of replication is now equal to the death rate.
stationary phase
58
Period where nutrients and depleted and waste levels are high, cells are dying at a steady exponential rate.
death phase
59
Open growth system to which nutrients are continually added and waste products are continually removed (to mimic a stable environment). example = the human gut
continuous culture
60
A _________ flows in fresh medium and takes out some old medium to keep the culture in continuous operation.
chemostat
61
__________ = a physical removal of microbes.
filtration
62
____ can be used to kill microbes.
heat
63
An __________ adds pressure, keeping fluids from evaporating during the high temperatures, but:
autoclave hyperthermophiles thrive in high temperatures, microbial structures (endospores) resist high temperatures, some materials can't be heated
64
______________ (low-temp heating) to reduce microbe numbers.
pasteurization
65
________ can damage cells by forming ice crystals, stops biochemical reactions, and is good for long-term preservatives.
Freezing
66
________________ _________ can be used to control microbes. (UV radiation, ionizing radiation and gamma rays).
Electrochemical radiation
67
Chemicals used on nonliving surfaces to kill potentially infectious microbes.
disinfectants
68
Chemicals that can be used on living tissue to kill potentially infectious microbes (usually topically)
antiseptics
69
Chemical methods of controlling microbes:
- Alcohols - Phenolic compounds - Oxidizing agents - Others
70
Time required to kill 90% of the target organism under specific conditions.
Decimal reduction time (D value)

Microbiology (11 decks)

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