Chapter 2 - Bacteria Flashcards
Coccus (or cocci) are __________.
spherical
Bacillus (or Bacilli) are __________.
rod-shaped
Vibrio (or vibrios) are ____________.
comma-shaped
Spirillum (spirilla) are ______.
spiral
____________ are varied in shape.
pleiomorphic
Irregular branching filaments of cells found in most fungi.
Hyphae
Three-dimensional tufts/networks of hyphae found in fungi.
Mycelia
Smooth, unbranched chains of cells.
Trichomes
Bacteria are often ___ to ___ in μm length
0.5 to 5
The bacterial ________ is composed of DNA, RNA, and protein
nucleid
_________ in bacteria are composed of RNA and protein
ribosomes
_________ in bacteria are composed only of DNA.
Plasmid(s)
_________ ______ in bacteria are composed of various polymers.
inclusion bodies
Functions as genetic information storage and gene expression.
nucleiod
Functions as genetic information storage and gene expression.
nucleoid
Functions for translation (protein synthesis).
ribosomes
Variable, encode non-chromosomal genes for a variety of functions (extra DNA)
plasmid(s)
Functions as storage of carbon, phosphate, nitrogen and sulfur
Inclusion Bodies
The largest area is the ________ region, housing the chromosome(s) and DNA replication machinery.
nucleoid
All cells have a ______ ________ that is usually composed of a ___________ _______ with embedded ________ and _______.
plasma membrane, phospholipid bilayer, proteins and sterols
Sterol molecules found in the plasma membrane that help with stability across temperature ranges of some bacteria.
Hopanoids
The bacterial cell wall is a crucial structure composed of crosslinked strands of _____________ (forms a structure similar to a chain-link fence).
peptidoglycan
Each peptidoglycan disaccharide subunit is made up of N-_____________ ____ (___) and N-_________________ (___).
N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM), N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
The cell wall is degraded naturally by ________ and ___________ secretions.
lysozyme and lysostaphin
_________ cleave the backbone of peptidoglycan.
lysozymes
___________ acts on the crossbridge of certain species only.
lysostaphin
The bacterial cell wall can be degraded artificially by _-______ ___________.
β-lactam antibiotics
β-lactam antibiotics prevent peptidoglycan crosslinking, _________ the cell wall structure.
weakening
When the cell wall weakens, the cell lacks structural protection and is vulnerable to _______ pressure changes.
osmotic
Bacterial cells develop resistance to β-lactam antibiotics through the enzyme ___________, which destroys the ring structure of β-lactam.
β-lactamase
Hans Christian ____ developed a stain method that separates microbes into two classes
Gram
Gram-_______ cells have a thick outer layer of peptidoglycan.
positive
Gram-positive cells contain _______ and ____________ acids attached to peptidoglycan chains in the cell wall.
teichoic, lipoteichoic
A teichoic acid that is connected to the plasma membrane through the covalent addition of a lipid tail is called ____________ acid.
lipoteichoic
Gram- negative cells have an outer membrane composed of __________________ (___).
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
The _____ __ portion of LPS in gram-negative cells induce a strong inflammatory response.
lipid A
Gram- _______ cells stain purple.
positive
Gram-_______ cells stain ____.
red
Spiral, hollow, rigid filaments extending from the cell surface used for motility.
flagella
Bacterial cells with a single polar flagellum.
monotrichous
Bacterial cells with multiple flagella at one or both ends.
Lophotrichous
Bacteria with multiple flagella spread over the surface of the cell.
Peritrichous
Bacteria with a single polar flagellum at each end of the cell.
amphitrichous
The flagella is composed of:
- filament
- basal body
- hook
The ________ of flagella is composed of multiple flagellin proteins, 5 to 10μm long
filament
Protein portion of flagella that connects filament to the basal body.
hook
Disk-like structure that drives rotation of flagellar filament and is embedded in the cell wall/membrane.
basal body
When flagella rotate in one direction, this straight line movement occurs.
run
When flagella change their direction of rotation, the cell _______ and randomly changes direction.
tumbles
Receptors that detect chemical signals, such as attractants or repellants.
Chemoreceptor proteins
Corkscrew like cells whose flagellar filament is shielded inside the periplasm. The whole cell rotates when motile.
spirochetes
Fibers of pilin protein that protrudes from the cell surface; often used for attachment and “twitching motility”
pili
Special type of pilus that connects cells during conjugation, the transfer of DNA
Sex pilus
“____” = conjugation
“_________” = adherence
pili
fimbriae
__________ (capsules and slime layer) = thick layer of polysaccharides surrounding some cells.
glycocalyx
Distinct and jelly-like network of polysaccharides that cover the cell surface.
capsule (glycocalyx)
Irregular network of polysaccharides that cover the cell surface.
Slime layer (glycocalyx)
Capsules and slime layers can help bacteria form ________.
biofilms
group of strains sharing common features while differing considerably from other strains
species
group of closely related species
genus
DKP COF GS
domain, kingdom, phylum
class, order, family
genus, species
