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Microbiology > Chapter 2 - Bacteria > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Bacteria Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Coccus (or cocci) are __________.

A

spherical

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2
Q

Bacillus (or Bacilli) are __________.

A

rod-shaped

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3
Q

Vibrio (or vibrios) are ____________.

A

comma-shaped

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4
Q

Spirillum (spirilla) are ______.

A

spiral

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5
Q

____________ are varied in shape.

A

pleiomorphic

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6
Q

Irregular branching filaments of cells found in most fungi.

A

Hyphae

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7
Q

Three-dimensional tufts/networks of hyphae found in fungi.

A

Mycelia

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8
Q

Smooth, unbranched chains of cells.

A

Trichomes

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9
Q

Bacteria are often ___ to ___ in μm length

A

0.5 to 5

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10
Q

The bacterial ________ is composed of DNA, RNA, and protein

A

nucleid

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11
Q

_________ in bacteria are composed of RNA and protein

A

ribosomes

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12
Q

_________ in bacteria are composed only of DNA.

A

Plasmid(s)

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13
Q

_________ ______ in bacteria are composed of various polymers.

A

inclusion bodies

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14
Q

Functions as genetic information storage and gene expression.

A

nucleiod

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15
Q

Functions as genetic information storage and gene expression.

A

nucleoid

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16
Q

Functions for translation (protein synthesis).

A

ribosomes

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17
Q

Variable, encode non-chromosomal genes for a variety of functions (extra DNA)

A

plasmid(s)

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18
Q

Functions as storage of carbon, phosphate, nitrogen and sulfur

A

Inclusion Bodies

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19
Q

The largest area is the ________ region, housing the chromosome(s) and DNA replication machinery.

A

nucleoid

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20
Q

All cells have a ______ ________ that is usually composed of a ___________ _______ with embedded ________ and _______.

A

plasma membrane, phospholipid bilayer, proteins and sterols

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21
Q

Sterol molecules found in the plasma membrane that help with stability across temperature ranges of some bacteria.

A

Hopanoids

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22
Q

The bacterial cell wall is a crucial structure composed of crosslinked strands of _____________ (forms a structure similar to a chain-link fence).

A

peptidoglycan

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23
Q

Each peptidoglycan disaccharide subunit is made up of N-_____________ ____ (___) and N-_________________ (___).

A

N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM), N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)

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24
Q

The cell wall is degraded naturally by ________ and ___________ secretions.

A

lysozyme and lysostaphin

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25
Q

_________ cleave the backbone of peptidoglycan.

A

lysozymes

26
Q

___________ acts on the crossbridge of certain species only.

A

lysostaphin

27
Q

The bacterial cell wall can be degraded artificially by _-______ ___________.

A

β-lactam antibiotics

28
Q

β-lactam antibiotics prevent peptidoglycan crosslinking, _________ the cell wall structure.

A

weakening

29
Q

When the cell wall weakens, the cell lacks structural protection and is vulnerable to _______ pressure changes.

A

osmotic

30
Q

Bacterial cells develop resistance to β-lactam antibiotics through the enzyme ___________, which destroys the ring structure of β-lactam.

A

β-lactamase

31
Q

Hans Christian ____ developed a stain method that separates microbes into two classes

A

Gram

32
Q

Gram-_______ cells have a thick outer layer of peptidoglycan.

A

positive

33
Q

Gram-positive cells contain _______ and ____________ acids attached to peptidoglycan chains in the cell wall.

A

teichoic, lipoteichoic

34
Q

A teichoic acid that is connected to the plasma membrane through the covalent addition of a lipid tail is called ____________ acid.

A

lipoteichoic

35
Q

Gram- negative cells have an outer membrane composed of __________________ (___).

A

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

36
Q

The _____ __ portion of LPS in gram-negative cells induce a strong inflammatory response.

A

lipid A

37
Q

Gram- _______ cells stain purple.

A

positive

38
Q

Gram-_______ cells stain ____.

A

red

39
Q

Spiral, hollow, rigid filaments extending from the cell surface used for motility.

A

flagella

40
Q

Bacterial cells with a single polar flagellum.

A

monotrichous

41
Q

Bacterial cells with multiple flagella at one or both ends.

A

Lophotrichous

42
Q

Bacteria with multiple flagella spread over the surface of the cell.

A

Peritrichous

43
Q

Bacteria with a single polar flagellum at each end of the cell.

A

amphitrichous

44
Q

The flagella is composed of:

A
  1. filament
  2. basal body
  3. hook
45
Q

The ________ of flagella is composed of multiple flagellin proteins, 5 to 10μm long

A

filament

46
Q

Protein portion of flagella that connects filament to the basal body.

A

hook

47
Q

Disk-like structure that drives rotation of flagellar filament and is embedded in the cell wall/membrane.

A

basal body

48
Q

When flagella rotate in one direction, this straight line movement occurs.

A

run

49
Q

When flagella change their direction of rotation, the cell _______ and randomly changes direction.

A

tumbles

50
Q

Receptors that detect chemical signals, such as attractants or repellants.

A

Chemoreceptor proteins

51
Q

Corkscrew like cells whose flagellar filament is shielded inside the periplasm. The whole cell rotates when motile.

A

spirochetes

52
Q

Fibers of pilin protein that protrudes from the cell surface; often used for attachment and “twitching motility”

A

pili

53
Q

Special type of pilus that connects cells during conjugation, the transfer of DNA

A

Sex pilus

54
Q

“____” = conjugation
“_________” = adherence

A

pili
fimbriae

55
Q

__________ (capsules and slime layer) = thick layer of polysaccharides surrounding some cells.

A

glycocalyx

56
Q

Distinct and jelly-like network of polysaccharides that cover the cell surface.

A

capsule (glycocalyx)

57
Q

Irregular network of polysaccharides that cover the cell surface.

A

Slime layer (glycocalyx)

58
Q

Capsules and slime layers can help bacteria form ________.

A

biofilms

59
Q

group of strains sharing common features while differing considerably from other strains

A

species

60
Q

group of closely related species

A

genus

61
Q

DKP COF GS

A

domain, kingdom, phylum
class, order, family
genus, species

Microbiology (11 decks)

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