Chapter 2 - Bacteria

Question 1

Coccus (or cocci) are __________.

Answer 1

spherical

Question 2

Bacillus (or Bacilli) are __________.

Answer 2

rod-shaped

Question 3

Vibrio (or vibrios) are ____________.

Answer 3

comma-shaped

Question 4

Spirillum (spirilla) are ______.

Answer 4

spiral

Question 5

____________ are varied in shape.

Answer 5

pleiomorphic

Question 6

Irregular branching filaments of cells found in most fungi.

Answer 6

Hyphae

Question 7

Three-dimensional tufts/networks of hyphae found in fungi.

Answer 7

Mycelia

Question 8

Smooth, unbranched chains of cells.

Answer 8

Trichomes

Question 9

Bacteria are often ___ to ___ in μm length

Answer 9

0.5 to 5

Question 10

The bacterial ________ is composed of DNA, RNA, and protein

Answer 10

nucleid

Question 11

_________ in bacteria are composed of RNA and protein

Answer 11

ribosomes

Question 12

_________ in bacteria are composed only of DNA.

Answer 12

Plasmid(s)

Question 13

_________ ______ in bacteria are composed of various polymers.

Answer 13

inclusion bodies

Question 14

Functions as genetic information storage and gene expression.

Answer 14

nucleiod

Question 15

Functions as genetic information storage and gene expression.

Answer 15

nucleoid

Question 16

Functions for translation (protein synthesis).

Answer 16

ribosomes

Question 17

Variable, encode non-chromosomal genes for a variety of functions (extra DNA)

Answer 17

plasmid(s)

Question 18

Functions as storage of carbon, phosphate, nitrogen and sulfur

Answer 18

Inclusion Bodies

Question 19

The largest area is the ________ region, housing the chromosome(s) and DNA replication machinery.

Answer 19

nucleoid

Question 20

All cells have a ______ ________ that is usually composed of a ___________ _______ with embedded ________ and _______.

Answer 20

plasma membrane, phospholipid bilayer, proteins and sterols

Question 21

Sterol molecules found in the plasma membrane that help with stability across temperature ranges of some bacteria.

Answer 21

Hopanoids

Question 22

The bacterial cell wall is a crucial structure composed of crosslinked strands of _____________ (forms a structure similar to a chain-link fence).

Answer 22

peptidoglycan

Question 23

Each peptidoglycan disaccharide subunit is made up of N-_____________ ____ (___) and N-_________________ (___).

Answer 23

N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM), N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)

Question 24

The cell wall is degraded naturally by ________ and ___________ secretions.

Answer 24

lysozyme and lysostaphin

Question 25

_________ cleave the backbone of peptidoglycan.

Answer 25

lysozymes

Question 26

___________ acts on the crossbridge of certain species only.

Answer 26

lysostaphin

Question 27

The bacterial cell wall can be degraded artificially by _-______ ___________.

Answer 27

β-lactam antibiotics

Question 28

β-lactam antibiotics prevent peptidoglycan crosslinking, _________ the cell wall structure.

Answer 28

weakening

Question 29

When the cell wall weakens, the cell lacks structural protection and is vulnerable to _______ pressure changes.

Answer 29

osmotic

Question 30

Bacterial cells develop resistance to β-lactam antibiotics through the enzyme ___________, which destroys the ring structure of β-lactam.

Answer 30

β-lactamase

Question 31

Hans Christian ____ developed a stain method that separates microbes into two classes

Answer 31

Gram

Question 32

Gram-_______ cells have a thick outer layer of peptidoglycan.

Answer 32

positive

Question 33

Gram-positive cells contain _______ and ____________ acids attached to peptidoglycan chains in the cell wall.

Answer 33

teichoic, lipoteichoic

Question 34

A teichoic acid that is connected to the plasma membrane through the covalent addition of a lipid tail is called ____________ acid.

Answer 34

lipoteichoic

Question 35

Gram- negative cells have an outer membrane composed of __________________ (___).

Answer 35

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

Question 36

The _____ __ portion of LPS in gram-negative cells induce a strong inflammatory response.

Answer 36

lipid A

Question 37

Gram- _______ cells stain purple.

Answer 37

positive

Question 38

Gram-_______ cells stain ____.

Answer 38

red

Question 39

Spiral, hollow, rigid filaments extending from the cell surface used for motility.

Answer 39

flagella

Question 40

Bacterial cells with a single polar flagellum.

Answer 40

monotrichous

Question 41

Bacterial cells with multiple flagella at one or both ends.

Answer 41

Lophotrichous

Question 42

Bacteria with multiple flagella spread over the surface of the cell.

Answer 42

Peritrichous

Question 43

Bacteria with a single polar flagellum at each end of the cell.

Answer 43

amphitrichous

Question 44

The flagella is composed of:

Answer 44

1. filament 2. basal body 3. hook

Question 45

The ________ of flagella is composed of multiple flagellin proteins, 5 to 10 μm long

Answer 45

filament

Question 46

Protein portion of flagella that connects filament to the basal body.

Answer 46

hook

Question 47

Disk-like structure that drives rotation of flagellar filament and is embedded in the cell wall/membrane.

Answer 47

basal body

Question 48

When flagella rotate in one direction, this straight line movement occurs.

Answer 48

run

Question 49

When flagella change their direction of rotation, the cell _______ and randomly changes direction.

Answer 49

tumbles

Question 50

Receptors that detect chemical signals, such as attractants or repellants.

Answer 50

Chemoreceptor proteins

Question 51

Corkscrew like cells whose flagellar filament is shielded inside the periplasm. The whole cell rotates when motile.

Answer 51

spirochetes

Question 52

Fibers of pilin protein that protrudes from the cell surface; often used for attachment and "twitching motility"

Answer 52

pili

Question 53

Special type of pilus that connects cells during conjugation, the transfer of DNA

Answer 53

Sex pilus

Question 54

"____" = conjugation "_________" = adherence

Answer 54

pili fimbriae

Question 55

__________ (capsules and slime layer) = thick layer of polysaccharides surrounding some cells.

Answer 55

glycocalyx

Question 56

Distinct and jelly-like network of polysaccharides that cover the cell surface.

Answer 56

capsule (glycocalyx)

Question 57

Irregular network of polysaccharides that cover the cell surface.

Answer 57

Slime layer (glycocalyx)

Question 58

Capsules and slime layers can help bacteria form ________.

Answer 58

biofilms

Question 59

group of strains sharing common features while differing considerably from other strains

Answer 59

species

Question 60

group of closely related species

Answer 60

genus

Question 61

DKP COF GS

Answer 61

domain, kingdom, phylum class, order, family genus, species