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Fundamentals of GIS > Chapter 7 - Digital Data > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Digital Data Flashcards

1
Q

Many spatial data are in this format

A

Digital format

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2
Q

What are four forms of digital data?

A
  1. Single raster; 2. Vector; 3. Multilayer raster; 4. Attributes
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3
Q

Few of this type of data set exist

A

Global data set

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4
Q

What are three ways national data sets differ?

A

Standards, collection, metadata

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5
Q

What type of uniform data do global data sets typically use?

A

Low-res remote sensing data

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6
Q

This organization has the largest cache of global remote sensing data

A

NASA

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7
Q

NASA provides this type of data

A

Raster data of different themes

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8
Q

What are three examples of data themes provided by NASA?

A

Elevation, land use, ecosystem types

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9
Q

This organization has a database of historical global climate

A

Max Planck Institute of Germany

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10
Q

This organization of public and private groups around the world started in the 1990s and promotes collaboration in developing and sharing spatial data

A

Global Spatial Dataset Infrastructure

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11
Q

This is an early Global Spatial Dataset Infrastructure initiative

A

Global Map

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12
Q

What are at least three out of four U.S. sources of spatial data?

A
  1. National Spatial Data Infrastructure; 2. USGS National Map; 3. USGS Earth Explorer; 4. ArcGIS online
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13
Q

This U.S. data source was established in 1994 to ensure efficient development and use of spatial data

A

National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI)

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14
Q

What are at least three of five goals of the National Spatial Data Infrastructure?

A
  1. Reduce duplication between agencies; 2. Set quality standards; 3. Reduce costs; 4. Improve accessibility to users; 5. Build partnerships
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15
Q

What are at least 4 out of 7 core data themes addressed by the National Spatial Data Infrastructure?

A
  1. Geodetic control; 2. Hydrography; 3. Orthoimagery; 4. Cadastral data; 5. Elevation; 6. Government boundaries; 7. Transportation
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16
Q

Is National Spatial Data Infrastructure data created by both public and private organizations?

A

Yes

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17
Q

This is a network of National Spatial Data Infrastructure data providers

A

National Geospatial Data Clearinghouse

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18
Q

How many datasets are contained in the National Geospatial Data Clearinghouse?

A

400,000

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19
Q

How many agencies provide data to the National Geospatial Data Clearinghouse?

A

172

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20
Q

National Geospatial Data Clearinghouse data vendors follow these protocols

A

Metadata protocols

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21
Q

This site is a portal for searching NSDI metadata and is the best source for U.S. spatial data

A

data.gov

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22
Q

This U.S. data source is a collaboration of USGS and others and is considered the best single source for U.S. topographical data

A

USGS National Map

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23
Q

What two types of data are provided by USGS National Map?

A

Raster and vector data

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24
Q

This U.S. data source is a product of USGS and has remote sensing and cartographic products

A

USGS Earth Explorer

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25
Q

This U.S. data source is a global network of GIS users and providers

A

ArcGIS online

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26
Q

ArcGIS Online provides this to share GIS data

A

Infrastructure

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27
Q

Does the ArcGIS portal offer access to only one type of data?

A

No

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28
Q

Can both people and groups publish their data in ArcGIS online?

A

Yes

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29
Q

This organization manages ArcGIS online

A

Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI)

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30
Q

This digital dataset contains raster images of scanned USGS maps

A

Digital raster graph (DRG)

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31
Q

Digital raster graph images are georeferenced and available in many of these

A

USGS scales

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32
Q

What are at least three of four uses of digital raster graphs?

A
  1. Onscreen digitizing; 2. Map backdrops; 3. Spatial consistency checks; 4. Control point source
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33
Q

In this type of digital dataset, vector data are digitized from USGS maps

A

Digital line graph (DLG)

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34
Q

This is done to layers in digital line graphs

A

Georeferencing

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35
Q

Digital line graph maps are edge-matched to fix these

A

Boundary discontinuities

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36
Q

Digital line graphs are available in a variety of these

A

USGS map scales

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37
Q

Do digital line graphs provide extensive attribute data?

A

No

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38
Q

This type of DLG data layer shows township, range, and section line features

A

Public Land Survey System

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39
Q

This type of DLG data layer shows state, county, city, national, and state border features

A

Boundaries

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40
Q

This type of DLG data layer shows roads, trails, railroads and utility line features

A

Transportation

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41
Q

This type of DLG data layer shows flowing and standing water and wetlands

A

Hydrography

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42
Q

This type of DLG data layer shows contour and spot elevation features

A

Hypsography

43
Q

This type of DLG data layer shows moraine, lava, sand and gravel features

A

Non-vegetative features

44
Q

This type of DLG data layer shows horizontal and vertical monument features

A

Survey control and markers

45
Q

This type of DLG data layer shows cultural features

A

Man-made features

46
Q

This type of DLG data layer shows woods, scrub, orchard and vineyard features

A

Vegetative cover

47
Q

This digital dataset shows raster layers of elevation values

A

Digital Elevation Model (DEM)

48
Q

The Digital Elevation Model uses this data resolution for most of the globe

A

Low-resolution data

49
Q

The Digital Elevation Model uses this data resolution for the U.S. and other areas

A

Medium- to high-resolution

50
Q

What are three sources of elevation data for the Digital Elevation Model?

A
  1. USGS topo maps; 2. Field surveying/GPS; 3. Active remote sensing (RADAR/LIDAR)
51
Q

This was created and maintained by the USGS to provide a seamless raster layer that merges the best DEM data for the U.S.

A

National Elevation Dataset

52
Q

This digital dataset uses geometrically corrected aerial photos

A

Digital Orthophoto Quadrangle (DOQ)

53
Q

What are two types of photo sourced for Digital Orthophoto Quadrangle datasets?

A

Scanned film photos or digital photos

54
Q

Digital Orthophoto Quadrangles are corrected for these two types of error

A

Relief displacement and tilt

55
Q

Digital Orthophoto Quadrangles are georeferenced with these

A

Coordinates

56
Q

What are two uses of Digital Orthophoto Quadrangles?

A

Digitizing data and backdrops

57
Q

What organization provides most Digital Orthophoto Quadrangles?

A

USGS

58
Q

This digital dataset produces aerial images of crop fields during growing season

A

National Agricultural Imagery Program (NAIP)

59
Q

The National Agricultural Imagery Program is a product of this organization

A

USDA

60
Q

What are two concerns of the National Agricultural Imagery Program?

A

Agricultural surveys and crop yields

61
Q

This process is done to NAIP photos

A

Orthorectification

62
Q

How long is the cycle for NAIP photos?

A

3-year cycle

63
Q

What is the resolution of NAIP photos in visible color and some infrared?

A

1 meter

64
Q

NAIP images are available in these two forms

A

Digital orthophoto quadrangles and county mosaics

65
Q

This digital dataset uses vector data on natural and artificial surface water features

A

National Hydrological Dataset

66
Q

These structures are represented in the National Hydrological Dataset

A

Water control structures/dams

67
Q

What two types of data are combined by the National Hydrological Dataset?

A

Digital line graph (DLG) data and EPA data

68
Q

What organization produces data for the National Hydrological Dataset?

A

USGS

69
Q

This digital dataset provides data on the extent and status of wetlands and deepwater habitats

A

National Wetland Inventory

70
Q

National Wetland Inventory data provides extensive classification of these

A

Cover types

71
Q

National Wetland Inventory data is in these two formats

A

Vector and raster

72
Q

The National Wetland Inventory data is a product of this organizationn

A

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

73
Q

This digital dataset provides polygon layers of soil types and attributes

A

Digital soils data

74
Q

What are three levels of digital soils data?

A
  1. National Soil Geographic (NATSGO); 2. State Soil Geographic (STATSGO); Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO)
75
Q

This is national level digital soils data

A

National Soil Geographic (NATSGO)

76
Q

Is National Soil Geographic data low detail?

A

Yes

77
Q

Is National Soil Geographic data usable for detailed analysis?

A

No

78
Q

This is the state level of digital soils data that is intermediate in scale and detail

A

State Soil Geographic (STATSGO)

79
Q

This is the highest level of digital soils data in terms of detail and positional accuracy

A

Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO)

80
Q

Soil polygons are linked to this in Soil Survey Geographic

A

Map Unit Interpretations Record (MUIR)

81
Q

MUIR is soil attributes provided by this organization

A

Department of Agriculture NRCS

82
Q

This digital dataset provides vector data on 100-year flood hazards

A

Digital Floodplain Data

83
Q

Digital Floodplain Data provides flood hazard information to this organization

A

FEMA

84
Q

Digital Floodplain Data information is disseminated through this program

A

National Flood Insurance Program

85
Q

How many municipalities are part of the National Flood Insurance Program?

A

20,000

86
Q

National Flood Insurance Program participants must use this

A

Floodplain management

87
Q

Flood risk data from Digital Floodplain Data is used to set these

A

Insurance rates

88
Q

This digital dataset is made up of shapefiles of roads, railroads, rivers, and political areas

A

TIGER/Line files

89
Q

What does TIGER stand for?

A

Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing

90
Q

TIGER lines are a product of this organization

A

U.S. Census Bureau

91
Q

TIGER line files include these

A

Extensive ID names

92
Q

TIGER line street layers include this information

A

Address information

93
Q

Do TIGER street layers contain demographic data?

A

No

94
Q

This digital dataset is made up of raster/vector data on land cover from the USGS

A

National Land Cover Data

95
Q

What were the three schemes of National Land Cover Data?

A
  1. Land Use and Land Cover; 2. National Land Cover Data 1992; 3. National Land Cover Data 2001
96
Q

This was the first USGS land cover classification scheme, taken from 1970s-80s aerial photos

A

Land Use and Land Cover

97
Q

How many land cover categories were used in the first two National Land Cover Data schemes?

A

21 categories

98
Q

What size were the smallest features in the Land Use and Land Cover scheme?

A

10-40 acres

99
Q

The Land Use and Land Cover scheme produced these to be scanned

A

Hardcopy maps

100
Q

This National Land Cover Data scheme was the first nationwide land use program

A

National Land Cover Data 1992

101
Q

National Land Cover Data 1992 data is based on these images

A

30m resolution Landsat images

102
Q

This National Land Cover Data scheme used a slightly different classification

A

National Land Cover Data 2001

103
Q

National Land Cover Data 2001 added these two land cover types

A

Canopy density and impervious surface

Fundamentals of GIS (13 decks)

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