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Fundamentals of GIS > Chapter 6 - Aerial + Satellite Images > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Aerial + Satellite Images Flashcards

1
Q

This is the acquisition of surface data from remote distance

A

Remote sensing

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2
Q

What are two ways images are collected for remote sensing?

A

Aircraft and satellites

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3
Q

Remote sensing images serve as the basis for these

A

Maps

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4
Q

What are the two types of data that remote sensing images provide?

A

Spatial and attribute data

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5
Q

In what year was the first photo taken by balloon?

A

1858

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6
Q

In what decade were the first wartime aerial photos taken?

A

1910s

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7
Q

In what decade were the first aerial photography programs?

A

1940s

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8
Q

In what decade were the first satellites for espionage, weather, and communications?

A

1960s

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9
Q

In what decade was the first digital imagery for earth mapping?

A

1970s

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10
Q

In what decade did free web images become available?

A

2000s

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11
Q

What are the two main types of remote sensing?

A

Passive and active

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12
Q

This type of remote sensing used electromagnetic energy from the sun

A

Passive

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13
Q

Passive remote sensing images capture this from the Earth’s surface

A

Reflected wavelengths

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14
Q

What two types of photos are included in passive remote sensing?

A

Aerial photos and satellite images

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15
Q

Is passive remote sensing affected by night or clouds?

A

Yes

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16
Q

In this type of remote sensing, an aerial platform directs an energy beam at the Earth’s surface

A

Active

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17
Q

In active remote sensing, energy reflected from the Earth’s surface is captured via these

A

Scanners

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18
Q

What are the two types of active remote sensing?

A

Radar and lidar

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19
Q

This type of active remote sensing uses radio waves

A

Radar

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20
Q

This type of active remote sensing uses laser light

A

Lidar

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21
Q

Is active remote sensing affected by night or clouds?

A

No

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22
Q

What are four benefits of remote sensing imagery?

A
  1. Large area coverage; 2. Extended spectral range; 3. Geometric accuracy; 4. Historical value
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23
Q

What are at least four of six uses for remote sensing imagery?

A
  1. Navigation/mapping; 2. Forest inventory; 3. Geologic surveys; 4. Natural hazards; 5. Land use change; 6. Wildlife habitat assessment
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24
Q

This describes the full range of radiation wavelengths

A

Electromagnetic spectrum

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25
Q

Remote sensing principally detects these two regions of EM wavelengths

A

Visible light and near infrared

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26
Q

What are three things that can happen to electromagnetic energy?

A

It can be reflected, absorbed, or transmitted

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27
Q

What can happen with absorbed electromagnetic energy?

A

It can be emitted

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28
Q

Do different substances absorb and reflect different wavelengths of electromagnetic energy?

A

Yes

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29
Q

This affects incoming electromagnetic energy from the sun/space

A

Atmosphere

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30
Q

What are two atmospheric components that affect electromagnetic energy?

A

Clouds/gasses/dust and water vapor

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31
Q

This atmospheric component reflects and absorbs energy

A

Clouds/gasses/dust

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32
Q

This atmospheric component absorbs energy and reduces transmittance

A

Water vapor

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33
Q

Visible light consists of these three colors/wavelengths

A

Red, yellow, blue

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34
Q

These describe reflectance of surface features to different wavelengths

A

Spectral reflectance curves

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35
Q

This describes photographs taken by aircraft

A

Aerial photography

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36
Q

Aerial photographs were first taken from these in the 1850s

A

Balloons

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37
Q

Aerial photography developed rapidly after the invention of this

A

Airplane

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38
Q

This is the measurement of photos

A

Photogrammetry

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39
Q

This is the identification of surface features from aerial photographs

A

Photo interpretation

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40
Q

What are at least three of four uses of aerial photos in GIS?

A
  1. Source of accurate coordinates; 2. Provide spatial location of features; 3. Provide surface attribute data; 4. Serve as background layers in GIS
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41
Q

What are two types of cameras used in aerial photography?

A

Film and digital cameras

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42
Q

This type of camera used in aerial photography produces an image directed onto film emulsion

A

Film camera

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43
Q

What are two types of film cameras used in aerial photography?

A

Small format and large format

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44
Q

What are two sizes of small format cameras used in aerial photography?

A

35mm and 70mm

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45
Q

Which is more expensive, small format or large format film cameras?

A

Small format

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46
Q

Which produces higher quality images for aerial photography, small or large format film cameras?

A

Small format

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47
Q

What is the size of large format film cameras in aerial photography?

A

240mm

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48
Q

Large format film cameras are used on aircraft designed for this

A

Precise flight

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49
Q

What are small format aerial photography film camera images used for?

A

Qualitative surveys

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50
Q

Do large format film cameras for aerial photography have low distortion?

A

Yes

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51
Q

What are large format aerial photography film cameras used for?

A

Geometric mapping

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52
Q

These are replacing film cameras for aerial images

A

Digital cameras

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53
Q

Digital cameras use this to detect different wavelengths

A

Scanning element

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54
Q

How is data from digital cameras recorded?

A

In long continuous strips

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55
Q

Digital cameras eliminate the need for this

A

Scanning film into digital format

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56
Q

Large format cameras print these onto photos

A

Fiducial marks

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57
Q

What are three types of film used in aerial photography?

A

Panochromatic, color, infrared

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58
Q

This type of film is sensitive to a range of visible light and is commonly used for many purposes

A

Panochromatic

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59
Q

This type of film is inexpensive and provides good resolution

A

Panochromatic

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60
Q

This type of film depicts imagery in natural color and is the most common choice for map projects

A

Color

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61
Q

This type of film detects variation in infrared wavelengths

A

Infrared

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62
Q

This type of film is high contrast and small differences in reflectivity show up as sharp color differences

A

Infrared

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63
Q

This type of film is good for vegetation analysis, but must be taken “leaves-on”

A

Infrared

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64
Q

What are the two types of infrared film?

A

Black and white and false-color

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65
Q

Aerial films usually include this that records flight and camera info

A

Data strip

66
Q

These are used to produce 3D images of surfaces

A

Stereo photos

67
Q

Adjacent overlapping images are called this

A

Stereopairs

68
Q

Stereo photos are used to draw these

A

Elevation contour lines

69
Q

Stereo photos can be used to remove this from photos

A

Relief distortion

70
Q

Overlap in this creates stereo photos in aerial photography

A

Flight path

71
Q

Onboard computers aid in these for aerial photography

A

Precise flight patterns

72
Q

Raw aerial photos contain these

A

Distortions

73
Q

What are at least three of four types of aerial photograph distortions?

A
  1. Relief displacement; 2. Camera tilt; 3. Camera/film/lens errors; 4. Atmosphere
74
Q

Raw photos have this view, as they are not orthographic

A

Perspective view

75
Q

This creates distortion caused by terrain and buildings

A

Relief displacement

76
Q

In photos distorted by relief displacement, tall objects appear to lean outward and radiate from this

A

Principal point

77
Q

How does displacement change with distance from a principal point in relief displacement distortion?

A

Displacement rises

78
Q

These objects have more displacement in relief displacement distortion

A

Taller objects

79
Q

What are two aspects of a photo that relief displacement affects?

A

Angles and distances

80
Q

This is not constant in photos distorted by relief displacement

A

Photo scale

81
Q

Distortion-corrected aerial images have this view

A

Orthographic view

82
Q

This is in line with the camera’s optical axis in an aerial photograph

A

Principal point

83
Q

Where are points above the datum displaced?

A

Outward

84
Q

Where are points below the datum displaced?

A

Inward

85
Q

This type of distortion occurs when the optical axis is not vertical and causes apparent convergence of distant objects

A

Camera tilt

86
Q

Photo contracts specify how much tilt?

A

< 3 degrees

87
Q

These help reduce camera tilt

A

Camera stabilizers

88
Q

Camera tilt data are recorded on this

A

Data strip

89
Q

This the effect of terrain and tilt on geometric accuracy

A

Tilt convergence error

90
Q

Does tilt convergence error increase or decrease with decreasing map scale?

A

Increase

91
Q

Flaws in these can cause displacement

A

Lenses

92
Q

This camera part can distort the focal plane

A

Camera platten

93
Q

What can happen to film to produce errors?

A

Shrinking/swelling

94
Q

Are camera/film/lens errors smaller on large format cameras?

A

Yes

95
Q

This source of photo distortions is important for high altitude images

A

Atmosphere

96
Q

This process corrects errors of tilt and relief displacement

A

Photo rectification

97
Q

What are two things required by the photo rectification process?

A

Stereopairs and special equipment

98
Q

Photo rectification produces this, a photo that is geometrically accurate and has uniform scale

A

Orthophoto

99
Q

This machine was initially used to produce orthophotos

A

Orthophotoscope

100
Q

These are now used to produce orthophotos

A

Modern photogrammetric workstations

101
Q

Satellite scanners contain these to image the Earth’s surface

A

Detector arrays

102
Q

Satellite detectors convert electromagnetic radiation into this

A

Recorded signal

103
Q

In satellite imagery, a detector array is directed toward Earth and a scanner does this

A

Sweeps surface

104
Q

Imaging satellites occupy this type of orbit to ensure the field of view is always at the same time of day

A

Sun-synchronous

105
Q

Do satellite imaging scanners have a broader electromagnetic range than aerial cameras?

A

Yes

106
Q

Why do satellites have a broader range than aerial cameras and produce less relief distortion?

A

High perspective results in optical axis near vertical

107
Q

Satellite image data requires this, at higher costs than aerial photography

A

Special processing

108
Q

What are at least three of four lower resolution satellite imagery systems?

A
  1. Landsat; 2. Moderate Resolution Image Sensor; 3. Vegetation; 4. SPOT
109
Q

This is the longest running remote sensing system, with over 30 years of continuous coverage

A

Landsat

110
Q

In what year did Landsat begin as a NASA system?

A

1972

111
Q

In what year did Landsat switch from a NASA system to NOAA system?

A

1979

112
Q

How many Landsat satellites have there been?

A

7

113
Q

How many Landsat satellites are currently operating?

A

2

114
Q

What is Landsat’s return time for mid-latitudes?

A

17 days

115
Q

What are the two Landsat satellites?

A

Multispectral scanner and thematic mapper

116
Q

This was the first satellite land scanner

A

Landsat’s multispectral scanner

117
Q

How many bands does Landsat’s multispectral scanner have?

A

5

118
Q

What is the resolution of Landsat’s multispectral scanner?

A

80 m

119
Q

What two types of electromagnetic radiation does Landsat’s multispectral scanner detect?

A

Visible and near infrared

120
Q

How many bands does Landsat’s thematic mapper have?

A

7

121
Q

What three types of electromagnetic radiation does Landsat’s thematic mapper detect?

A

Visible, near-infrared, mid-infrared

122
Q

What is the resolution of Landsat’s thematic mapper?

A

30 m

123
Q

What resolution scanner does the newest Landsat thematic mapper add?

A

15 m panochromatic

124
Q

Satellite images are catalogued using these

A

Scene index maps

125
Q

This satellite imaging system is a NASA system with a wide range of electromagnetic radiation, from visible to thermal

A

Moderate Resolution Image Sensor (MODIS)

126
Q

What is the resolution range of MODIS?

A

250-1000 m

127
Q

What is the return time for MODIS at 1000 m resolution?

A

2 days

128
Q

This imaging satellite was developed by the French government

A

Vegetation

129
Q

What two wavelength bands does the Vegetation satellite collect?

A

Visible and infrared

130
Q

What is the resolution of the Vegetation satellite?

A

1150 m

131
Q

How many kilometers does the Vegetation satellite cover?

A

2400 km

132
Q

This imaging satellite was developed by the French government and started in 1986

A

SPOT

133
Q

What two types of images are taken by SPOT’s scanners?

A

Panochromatic and multispectral

134
Q

What is the panochromatic resolution of SPOT’s scanners?

A

2.5-10 m

135
Q

What is the image extant of SPOT?

A

60 x 60 km

136
Q

Can SPOT take stereophotographs?

A

Yes

137
Q

What resolution is required for a satellite imagery system to be considered high resolution?

A

<1 m

138
Q

High resolution satellite systems can record these two types of data

A

Panochromatic and multispectral

139
Q

What are three reasons why high resolution satellite systems are replacing aerial photos for many needs?

A
  1. Resolution is now close to aerial imagery; 2. Wider electromagnetic range/extent; 3. Easier distortion correction
140
Q

Are all high resolution satellite imagery systems commercial?

A

Yes

141
Q

What are four examples of high resolution satellite systems?

A

IKONOS, QuickBird, Worldview, GeoEye

142
Q

What are two types of active remote sensing?

A

RADAR and LIDAR

143
Q

In this type of active remote sensing, satellites send radio waves to the Earth’s surface and record reflection

A

RADAR

144
Q

RADAR is carried on these

A

Airplanes

145
Q

These two regions have RADAR satellites in operation

A

US and Europe

146
Q

What two types of mapping is RADAR used for?

A

Topography and cover type mapping

147
Q

This obtained full global elevation data in 2000

A

Shuttle Radar Topography Mission

148
Q

In this type of active remote sensing, satellites direct a laser light to the Earth’s surface and record reflection

A

LIDAR

149
Q

What is the resolution of LIDAR?

A

10 cm

150
Q

What are commercial LIDAR systems used for?

A

Elevation data

151
Q

What two applications are LIDAR systems being tested for?

A

Vegetation typing and water quality

152
Q

Most LIDAR are carried on these, though satellite systems are in development

A

Aircraft

153
Q

Which form of remote sensing traditionally had higher resolution: aerial imaging or satellite imaging?

A

Aerial imaging

154
Q

Which form of remote sensing can provide electromagnetic data not available to the other?

A

Satellite imaging

155
Q

Which form of remote sensing has the advantage of using digital data?

A

Satellite imaging

156
Q

These are eliminating the digital advantage of satellite imaging

A

Digital aerial cameras

157
Q

Do remote sensing images often require interpretation?

A

Yes

158
Q

This is the science of identifying objects in images

A

Photo interpretation

159
Q

Photo interpretation often requires this

A

Ground truthing

160
Q

What are at least five of eight types of photo elements that aid in identification?

A
  1. Tone brightness/color; 2. Relative size; 3. General object shape/outline; 4. Texture; 5. Spatial arrangement patterns; 6. Light/shadows; 7. Geographic location patterns; 8. Association of neighboring objects

Fundamentals of GIS (13 decks)

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