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Fundamentals of GIS > Chapter 10 - Topics in Raster Analysis > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Topics in Raster Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

This data model is based on a 2D array of cells

A

Raster data model

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2
Q

In the raster data model, each cell is assigned this

A

Single value

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3
Q

What are at least three of four ways in which the raster data model is highly flexible?

A
  1. Easy to code in computer language; 2. Cells can store all data types; 3. Can be directed to many problems; 4. Complex structures can be built
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4
Q

What are at least three of four types of time-varying and continuous phenomenon that the raster data model is useful for?

A
  1. Elevation; 2. Surface temperature; 3. Rainfall; 4. Soils
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5
Q

What are three of four examples of GIS data types that are in raster format?

A
  1. DRG; 2. DEM; 3. NLCD; 4. Remote sensing
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6
Q

Is the raster data model a relatively new data structure?

A

No

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7
Q

Are there extensive analytical tools developed for the raster data model?

A

Yes

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8
Q

Do many raster tools share the same conceptual basis?

A

Yes

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9
Q

This input layer function uses a single layer

A

Unary

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10
Q

This input layer function uses two layers

A

Binary

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11
Q

This input layer function uses > 2 layers

A

Higher-ordered

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12
Q

This input scope function uses values at each cell loci

A

Local function

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13
Q

This input scope function uses values in a defined area around output cell loci

A

Neighborhood function

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14
Q

This input scope function uses values from user-defined zones

A

Zonal function

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15
Q

This input scope function manipulates input from entire layer

A

Global function

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16
Q

What are the four classes of local operations?

A
  1. Mathematical; 2. Logical; 3. Classification; 4. Overlay
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17
Q

This class of local operations uses standard arithmetic

A

Mathematical functions

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18
Q

What are at least four of six examples of mathematical functions?

A

ABS, LN, COS, TRUNC, SQRT, POWER

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19
Q

This class of local operations is for ordinal and equality tests

A

Logical functions

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20
Q

Logical functions are for finding these values

A

Non-zero and non-null values

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21
Q

What are the three basic logical operations?

A

And, or, not

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22
Q

This logical function means “exclusive or” - true only if one of the layers has value

A

XOR

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23
Q

This logical function is for missing values

A

ISMISSING (ISNULL)

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24
Q

This local function assigns output values for a set of input values

A

Classification function

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25
Q

What are three things that can define outputs in classification functions?

A

Table, ranges, or conditional tests

26
Q

In classification using a conditional test, output = this

A

CON (test, out if true, out if false)

27
Q

What value are unmatched values assigned in classification functions?

A

Null value

28
Q

What are the two types of overlay functions?

A

Union and clip + intersect

29
Q

This overlay function is a cell by cell combination of cell values

A

Union

30
Q

In union function, each combination is given this

A

Unique identifier

31
Q

What type of attribute table does a union function create?

A

Many-to-one

32
Q

What type of data is used most often with union function?

A

Nominal data

33
Q

In this type of union function, the user specifies source and template layer

A

Clip and intersect

34
Q

In the clip and intersect function, this picks source values for output

A

Template

35
Q

In clip and intersect function, if the template = 1, what is the output?

A

Source

36
Q

In clip and intersect function, if the template = 0, what is the output?

A

Null

37
Q

These functions use input from a defined set of cells

A

Neighborhood function

38
Q

What do maps result in from neighborhood functions?

A

One cell in output

39
Q

This defines the neighborhood in neighborhood functions

A

User

40
Q

How many cells do neighborhood functions typically result in?

A

9 cells

41
Q

What are two types of data typically used with neighborhood functions?

A

Interval or ratio data

42
Q

Many neighborhood functions use this positioned over an input location to specify an area of input cells

A

Moving window

43
Q

A moving window is defined by this for many functions

A

Kernel

44
Q

What is a moving window kernel?

A

Set of constants for cells in window

45
Q

What are at least three of four examples of common kernels?

A
  1. Nbrhood mean; 2. Data smoothing; 3. Edge detection; 4. Noise detection
46
Q

These operations are functions applied to user-defined areas in input layer

A

Zonal operations

47
Q

Can zones be irregularly shaped?

A

Yes

48
Q

Zones are usually coded in a zone layer using these

A

Identifiers

49
Q

What are at least two of four examples of zonal identifiers?

A
  1. Population by county; 2. Wood volume by forest tract; 3. Mean crop yield by state; 4. Highest elevations of a park
50
Q

Many problems in raster analysis need analysis of this

A

Travel cost

51
Q

What are two ways cost of travel is viewed in raster?

A
  1. Money/time costs; 2. Probability of spread
52
Q

Travel cost analyses use these operations

A

Cost surface

53
Q

What is another name for cost surface?

A

Friction surface

54
Q

Total travel cost is a function of these two things

A

Distance travelled and travel cost through travelled areas

55
Q

How is travel distance measured in raster?

A

Cell center to cell center

56
Q

What are two ways to calculate distance in raster?

A
  1. Euclidean distance; 2. Row/column distance (city block)
57
Q

What are two different types of cost surface?

A
  1. Uniform cost surface; 2. Variable cost surface
58
Q

In this type of cost surface, moving through any cell has the same cost

A

Uniform cost surface

59
Q

In uniform cost surface, the total cost is a product of this

A

Travel distance x uniform cost

60
Q

In this type of cost surface, different cells have different travel costs

A

Variable cost surface

61
Q

In variable cost surface, this determines the portion of the route passing through each cell

A

Total cost

Fundamentals of GIS (13 decks)

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