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Fundamentals of GIS > Chapter 4 - Maps, Data Entry, Editing & Output > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Maps, Data Entry, Editing & Output Flashcards

1
Q

Building a GIS database needs these two elements

A

Spatial data and many coordinates

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2
Q

What are the two types of data used to build GIS databases?

A

Hardcopy and digital data

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3
Q

This was the form of all spatial data before 1960

A

Hardcopy

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4
Q

These maps date from the mid-1900s

A

Cartometric maps

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5
Q

Is hardcopy data scarce?

A

No

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6
Q

What are three examples of hardcopy data that can be used to build a GIS database?

A

Paper maps, photos, legal records

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7
Q

This type of data is in computer compatible form

A

Digital data

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8
Q

Can digital data be stored in hardcopy?

A

Yes

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9
Q

What are the two common types of hardcopy maps?

A

Feature and thematic maps

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10
Q

This type of hardcopy map displays one or more features such as roads, streams, boundaries and cities

A

Feature map

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11
Q

What is another name for feature maps?

A

Reference maps

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12
Q

This type of hardcopy map displays spatial patterns of attributes

A

Thematic map

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13
Q

What are two things that thematic maps use to display spatial patterns of attributes?

A

Color shading or symbology

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14
Q

What are three of four different types of thematic maps?

A
  1. Choropleth maps; 2. Dot density maps; 3. Isopleth maps; 4. Proportional symbol map
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15
Q

These thematic maps use shading to represent attribute values

A

Choropleth maps

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16
Q

These thematic maps use dots to represent attribute values

A

Dot density maps

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17
Q

These thematic maps use lines to connect attributes of equal values

A

Isopleth maps

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18
Q

These thematic maps scale symbols to attribute values

A

Proportional symbol maps

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19
Q

What is another name for proportional symbol maps?

A

Graduated symbol maps

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20
Q

What are four properties of hardcopy maps?

A
  1. Map elements; 2. Coordinate lines; 3. Scale; 4. Map media
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21
Q

What are five of eight elements of hardcopy maps?

A
  1. Data plane; 2. Scale bar; 3. Title; 4. Legend; 5. Neatline; 6. Cartographer name; 7. North arrow; 8. Date
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22
Q

What are two types of coordinate lines that can be used on hardcopy maps?

A

Lat-long or x-y coordinates

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23
Q

This is the relation between a map unit and a related distance on the ground

A

Scale

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24
Q

These maps cover a large area with lower detail

A

Small scale maps

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25
Q

These maps cover a small area with higher detail

A

Large scale map

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26
Q

What are three ways to report scale on a map?

A

Verbally, as a ratio, or as a scale bar

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27
Q

Most maps are printed on this

A

Paper

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28
Q

Paper maps can shrink and swell with changes in this

A

Humidity

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29
Q

What are two rarer materials for maps to be printed on?

A

Vellum and film

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30
Q

Media alterations on hardcopy maps can distort these

A

Map features

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31
Q

What are two spatial issues that can arise with hardcopy maps?

A

Map generalizations and boundary discontinuities

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32
Q

These address approximations made during map creation

A

Map generalizations

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33
Q

Map generalizations can be a source of these

A

Errors

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34
Q

These often occur at map edges

A

Boundary discontinuities

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35
Q

Boundary discontinuities arise due to differences in these three things

A
  1. Time of data collection; 2. Map interpreters; 3. Coordinate registration
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36
Q

This process converts map and image data into digital coordinates

A

Digitization

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37
Q

What are two types of digitization?

A

Manual and automated digitization

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38
Q

In this type of digitization, human users draw features

A

Manual digitizing

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39
Q

This type of error arises with decreasing map scale in manual digitization

A

Positional error

40
Q

Humans can interpret this type of map and correct errors during data capture

A

Deteriorated maps

41
Q

Manual digitization results depend on these two things

A

Equipment and operator experience

42
Q

What are two sources of inconsistency in manual digitization?

A

Different operators and fatigue

43
Q

Is the manual digitization process slow and labor intensive?

44
Q

Does manual digitization cost more than automated scanners?

45
Q

What are the two types of manual digitization?

A

Hardcopy and onscreen digitization

46
Q

What is another term for hardcopy digitization?

A

Heads-down digitization

47
Q

In this type of manual digitization, hardcopy is secured to a digitizing table and traces with a puck

A

Hardcopy digitization

48
Q

This form of manual digitization produces the most operator fatigue

A

Hardcopy digitization

49
Q

This form of manual digitization needs costly equipment and trained operators

A

Hardcopy digitization

50
Q

What is another term for onscreen digitization?

A

Heads-up digitizing

51
Q

In this type of manual digitization, hardcopy is scanned into raster format

A

Onscreen digitization

52
Q

In this type of manual digitization, features are traced on a computer screen with a mouse

A

Onscreen digitization

53
Q

What is the more precise type of manual digitization?

A

Onscreen digitization

54
Q

Digitizing software uses this process to reduce errors in manual digitization

55
Q

This function creates smooth curves through points during manual digitization

A

Spline function

56
Q

This process removes unnecessary vertices in manual digitization

A

Line thinning

57
Q

This type of digitization uses a scanner or other device to digitize hardcopy data

A

Automated digitizing

58
Q

This type of digitization saves input time but often needs heavy editing

A

Automated digitizing

59
Q

What are two types of automated digitization?

A

Scan digitization and automated vectorization

60
Q

In this type of automated digitization, a scanner records hardcopy into raster format

A

Scan digitization

61
Q

Scan digitization works best with this kind of hardcopy

A

Pristine hardcopy

62
Q

This type of automated digitization can work with single feature and without text

A

Scan digitization

63
Q

In this type of automated digitization, a computer creates vector data from hardcopy

A

Automated vectorization

64
Q

In automated digitization, this process reduces width of raster linear features

A

Skeletonizing

65
Q

This describes the assignment of coordinates to a scanned image

A

Image georeferencing

66
Q

What is another term for image georeferencing?

A

Image registration

67
Q

Image georeferencing enables a scanned image to align with this

A

Existing layers in GIS

68
Q

The image georeferencing process requires these

A

Control points

69
Q

In image georeferencing, control points are these with known lat-long coordinates

A

Ground features

70
Q

What are the four steps to georeferencing a digital image?

A
  1. Identify control points on an image; 2. Determine lat-long coordinates for control points; 3. Fit registration model equations using control points; 4. Transform scanned image using fitted equations
71
Q

In georeferencing an image, these must be common to the image and the ground

A

Control points

72
Q

In georeferencing an image, these must be clear and unambiguous

A

Control points

73
Q

These types of features make good control points in georeferencing an image

A

Permanent, well-defined features

74
Q

These make good control points in image georeferencing

A

Benchmarks

75
Q

Equations relate digitized coordinates to these

A

Lat-long values

76
Q

What are two kinds of image georeferencing equations?

A

Affine transformation and higher ordered polynomial

77
Q

This type of image georeferencing equation requires a minimum of 4 control points (18-30 optimal)

A

Affine transformation

78
Q

This type of image georeferencing equation requires more control points and often produces a poorer fit

A

Higher ordered polynomial

79
Q

In raster resampling, a GIS project may include many of these

A

Different raster layers

80
Q

Layers may differ in these two aspects

A

Cell size and x-y orientation

81
Q

Analysis of multiple raster layers may need this

A

Alignment of raster cells

82
Q

Raster resampling takes an input raster layer and creates this

A

An output raster layer with different configuration

83
Q

What are two types of raster resampling?

A

Nearest neighbor and interpolation

84
Q

In this type of raster resampling, an output cell is given the value of the nearest source cell

A

Nearest neighbor

85
Q

What is nearest neighbor raster resampling ideal for?

A

Classified images

86
Q

Do class values change for images in nearest neighbor raster resampling?

87
Q

In this type of raster resampling, output value is a weighted average of a cell neighborhood

A

Interpolation

88
Q

What is the purpose of a map?

A

To communicate spatial information

89
Q

What are four things that map design must consider?

A
  1. Intended audience; 2. Information to communicate; 3. Area of interest; 4. Physical/resource limitations
90
Q

What are seven map design decisions to consider?

A
  1. Scale/size/shape; 2. Data to plot; 3. Symbol shapes/sizes/patterns; 4. Labeling properties; 5. Legend properties/borders; 6. Layout/proportion; 7. Projection/datum info
91
Q

What are the two components of digital data?

A

Data and metadata

92
Q

GIS software contains utilities for this

A

Data import/export

93
Q

The long history of GIS has led to many of these

A

Different data formats

94
Q

This was established in 1992 to easily transfer data between platforms

A

Spatial data transfer standard

95
Q

This is data about data

96
Q

What are seven considerations when transferring digital data?

A
  1. Identification; 2. Data quality; 3. Spatial data organization; 4. Spatial reference; 5. Entity/attribute; 6. Distribution; 7. Metadata

Fundamentals of GIS (13 decks)

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