Chapter 4 - Maps, Data Entry, Editing & Output Flashcards
1
Q
Building a GIS database needs these two elements
A
Spatial data and many coordinates
2
Q
What are the two types of data used to build GIS databases?
A
Hardcopy and digital data
3
Q
This was the form of all spatial data before 1960
A
Hardcopy
4
Q
These maps date from the mid-1900s
A
Cartometric maps
5
Q
Is hardcopy data scarce?
A
No
6
Q
What are three examples of hardcopy data that can be used to build a GIS database?
A
Paper maps, photos, legal records
7
Q
This type of data is in computer compatible form
A
Digital data
8
Q
Can digital data be stored in hardcopy?
A
Yes
9
Q
What are the two common types of hardcopy maps?
A
Feature and thematic maps
10
Q
This type of hardcopy map displays one or more features such as roads, streams, boundaries and cities
A
Feature map
11
Q
What is another name for feature maps?
A
Reference maps
12
Q
This type of hardcopy map displays spatial patterns of attributes
A
Thematic map
13
Q
What are two things that thematic maps use to display spatial patterns of attributes?
A
Color shading or symbology
14
Q
What are three of four different types of thematic maps?
A
- Choropleth maps; 2. Dot density maps; 3. Isopleth maps; 4. Proportional symbol map
15
Q
These thematic maps use shading to represent attribute values
A
Choropleth maps
16
Q
These thematic maps use dots to represent attribute values
A
Dot density maps
17
Q
These thematic maps use lines to connect attributes of equal values
A
Isopleth maps
18
Q
These thematic maps scale symbols to attribute values
A
Proportional symbol maps
19
Q
What is another name for proportional symbol maps?
A
Graduated symbol maps
20
Q
What are four properties of hardcopy maps?
A
- Map elements; 2. Coordinate lines; 3. Scale; 4. Map media
21
Q
What are five of eight elements of hardcopy maps?
A
- Data plane; 2. Scale bar; 3. Title; 4. Legend; 5. Neatline; 6. Cartographer name; 7. North arrow; 8. Date
22
Q
What are two types of coordinate lines that can be used on hardcopy maps?
A
Lat-long or x-y coordinates
23
Q
This is the relation between a map unit and a related distance on the ground
A
Scale
24
Q
These maps cover a large area with lower detail
A
Small scale maps
25
These maps cover a small area with higher detail
Large scale map
26
What are three ways to report scale on a map?
Verbally, as a ratio, or as a scale bar
27
Most maps are printed on this
Paper
28
Paper maps can shrink and swell with changes in this
Humidity
29
What are two rarer materials for maps to be printed on?
Vellum and film
30
Media alterations on hardcopy maps can distort these
Map features
31
What are two spatial issues that can arise with hardcopy maps?
Map generalizations and boundary discontinuities
32
These address approximations made during map creation
Map generalizations
33
Map generalizations can be a source of these
Errors
34
These often occur at map edges
Boundary discontinuities
35
Boundary discontinuities arise due to differences in these three things
1. Time of data collection; 2. Map interpreters; 3. Coordinate registration
36
This process converts map and image data into digital coordinates
Digitization
37
What are two types of digitization?
Manual and automated digitization
38
In this type of digitization, human users draw features
Manual digitizing
39
This type of error arises with decreasing map scale in manual digitization
Positional error
40
Humans can interpret this type of map and correct errors during data capture
Deteriorated maps
41
Manual digitization results depend on these two things
Equipment and operator experience
42
What are two sources of inconsistency in manual digitization?
Different operators and fatigue
43
Is the manual digitization process slow and labor intensive?
Yes
44
Does manual digitization cost more than automated scanners?
No
45
What are the two types of manual digitization?
Hardcopy and onscreen digitization
46
What is another term for hardcopy digitization?
Heads-down digitization
47
In this type of manual digitization, hardcopy is secured to a digitizing table and traces with a puck
Hardcopy digitization
48
This form of manual digitization produces the most operator fatigue
Hardcopy digitization
49
This form of manual digitization needs costly equipment and trained operators
Hardcopy digitization
50
What is another term for onscreen digitization?
Heads-up digitizing
51
In this type of manual digitization, hardcopy is scanned into raster format
Onscreen digitization
52
In this type of manual digitization, features are traced on a computer screen with a mouse
Onscreen digitization
53
What is the more precise type of manual digitization?
Onscreen digitization
54
Digitizing software uses this process to reduce errors in manual digitization
Snapping
55
This function creates smooth curves through points during manual digitization
Spline function
56
This process removes unnecessary vertices in manual digitization
Line thinning
57
This type of digitization uses a scanner or other device to digitize hardcopy data
Automated digitizing
58
This type of digitization saves input time but often needs heavy editing
Automated digitizing
59
What are two types of automated digitization?
Scan digitization and automated vectorization
60
In this type of automated digitization, a scanner records hardcopy into raster format
Scan digitization
61
Scan digitization works best with this kind of hardcopy
Pristine hardcopy
62
This type of automated digitization can work with single feature and without text
Scan digitization
63
In this type of automated digitization, a computer creates vector data from hardcopy
Automated vectorization
64
In automated digitization, this process reduces width of raster linear features
Skeletonizing
65
This describes the assignment of coordinates to a scanned image
Image georeferencing
66
What is another term for image georeferencing?
Image registration
67
Image georeferencing enables a scanned image to align with this
Existing layers in GIS
68
The image georeferencing process requires these
Control points
69
In image georeferencing, control points are these with known lat-long coordinates
Ground features
70
What are the four steps to georeferencing a digital image?
1. Identify control points on an image; 2. Determine lat-long coordinates for control points; 3. Fit registration model equations using control points; 4. Transform scanned image using fitted equations
71
In georeferencing an image, these must be common to the image and the ground
Control points
72
In georeferencing an image, these must be clear and unambiguous
Control points
73
These types of features make good control points in georeferencing an image
Permanent, well-defined features
74
These make good control points in image georeferencing
Benchmarks
75
Equations relate digitized coordinates to these
Lat-long values
76
What are two kinds of image georeferencing equations?
Affine transformation and higher ordered polynomial
77
This type of image georeferencing equation requires a minimum of 4 control points (18-30 optimal)
Affine transformation
78
This type of image georeferencing equation requires more control points and often produces a poorer fit
Higher ordered polynomial
79
In raster resampling, a GIS project may include many of these
Different raster layers
80
Layers may differ in these two aspects
Cell size and x-y orientation
81
Analysis of multiple raster layers may need this
Alignment of raster cells
82
Raster resampling takes an input raster layer and creates this
An output raster layer with different configuration
83
What are two types of raster resampling?
Nearest neighbor and interpolation
84
In this type of raster resampling, an output cell is given the value of the nearest source cell
Nearest neighbor
85
What is nearest neighbor raster resampling ideal for?
Classified images
86
Do class values change for images in nearest neighbor raster resampling?
No
87
In this type of raster resampling, output value is a weighted average of a cell neighborhood
Interpolation
88
What is the purpose of a map?
To communicate spatial information
89
What are four things that map design must consider?
1. Intended audience; 2. Information to communicate; 3. Area of interest; 4. Physical/resource limitations
90
What are seven map design decisions to consider?
1. Scale/size/shape; 2. Data to plot; 3. Symbol shapes/sizes/patterns; 4. Labeling properties; 5. Legend properties/borders; 6. Layout/proportion; 7. Projection/datum info
91
What are the two components of digital data?
Data and metadata
92
GIS software contains utilities for this
Data import/export
93
The long history of GIS has led to many of these
Different data formats
94
This was established in 1992 to easily transfer data between platforms
Spatial data transfer standard
95
This is data about data
Metadata
96
What are seven considerations when transferring digital data?
1. Identification; 2. Data quality; 3. Spatial data organization; 4. Spatial reference; 5. Entity/attribute; 6. Distribution; 7. Metadata
