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Fundamentals of GIS > Chapter 11 - Terrain Analyses > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Terrain Analyses Flashcards

1
Q

This describes the vertical and horizontal dimensions of a land surface

A

Terrain

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2
Q

What is another name for terrain?

A

Land relief

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3
Q

This is “land relief” or terrain for underwater surfaces

A

Bathymetry

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4
Q

What are at least three of five processes that are impacted by terrain?

A
  1. Hydrology; 2. Soils/erosion; 3. Weather/climate; 4. Construction; 5. Military operations
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5
Q

This terrain variable describes elevation above datum

A

Height

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6
Q

This terrain variable describes rise over run

A

Slope

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7
Q

This terrain variable describes the direction of slope

A

Aspect

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8
Q

This terrain variable describes the watershed above a point

A

Upslope area

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9
Q

This terrain variable describes the longest path to a point

A

Flow length

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10
Q

This terrain variable describes terrain curvature

A

Profile curvature

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11
Q

This terrain variable describes site obstruction

A

Visibility

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12
Q

Is terrain analysis well-established in GIS?

A

Yes

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13
Q

Do many data and analytical methods exist for terrain analysis in GIS?

A

Yes

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14
Q

Are terrain analysis calculations difficult to program?

A

No

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15
Q

Are terrain analysis results shown to be inaccurate?

A

No

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16
Q

Is elevation data available for most surfaces?

A

Yes

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17
Q

Are elevation data sets frequently updated?

A

Yes

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18
Q

Is terrain analysis data cheap to collect?

A

No

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19
Q

What are three ways terrain can be modeled in GIS?

A

Raster, vector, TIN

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20
Q

What is the most commonly used data type for terrain analysis?

A

Raster

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21
Q

What are two reasons why raster is the most commonly used method for terrain analysis?

A

Simple structure and clear-cut math operations

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22
Q

Raster terrain analysis uses this approach

A

Moving window

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23
Q

Different these are used for different calculations in moving window raster terrain analysis

A

Kernels

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24
Q

These are connected lines of equal elevation

A

Contour lines

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25
What is another name for contour lines?
Isoclines
26
Contour lines represent elevation at these
Fixed intervals
27
This aspect of contour lines varies among maps and scales
Interval
28
Contour lines run this way to slope
Perpendicular
29
This aspect of contour lines portrays terrain shape
Shape and density of lines
30
Contour lines are an old method of symbolizing terrain on these
Maps
31
Contour lines are a feature of these maps
USGS 7.5' + 15' quads
32
What are two ways of creating contour line maps?
1. Stereo aerial photos; 2. Grid of sampled elevation points
33
This describes the shape of a landscape
Terrain morphology
34
Terrain morphology affects the direction and rate of movement of these
Surface processes
35
What are at least three of four common measures of terrain morphology?
1. Slope; 2. Aspect; 3. Plan curvature; 4. Profile curvature
36
This is the change in elevation over distance, or the tilt of land
Slope
37
Slope is measured along the path of this
Steepest vertical change
38
What are the three ways to express slope?
1. Degree slope; 2. Percent slope; 3. Ratio
39
This expresses slope as an angle
Degree slope
40
This expresses slope as rise over run
Percent slope
41
This expresses slope as a vertical distance over a horizontal distance
Ratio
42
Calculating slope with raster data must integrate these two things
Elevation change in X direction and elevation change in Y direction
43
Do slopes usually pass through cell centers?
No
44
This describes the cardinal direction of a slope
Aspect
45
Aspect is reported as this
Azimuth (0-360 degrees)
46
Aspect is calculated based on this
dZ/dx + dZ/dy
47
This describes concave and convex terrain
Curvature
48
Curvature is a complex calculation using these for a 9-cell neighbor
Elevation values
49
What are the two types of curvature?
Plan and profile curvature
50
What are three types of morphometric features?
Pits, peaks, saddles
51
These maps show concavities and convexities
Morphometric maps
52
DEM data is used extensively for the study of this
Hydrology
53
This quantifies direction of overland or subsurface flow
Flow direction
54
What are two ways to express direction of flow?
1. Compass heading (0-360 degrees); 2. Cell ID that flow moves toward
55
Flow direction can be calculated using aspect and other elevation measures among these
Adjacent cells
56
These cause problems in hydrological analysis and must be identified and filled
Spurious 'pits'
57
This is an area that supplies flow through a point on a landscape
Watershed
58
What are three other terms for watershed?
Basin, catchment, drainage
59
This is used to find watershed boundaries
Flow direction
60
These define areas with likely surface water
Drainage networks
61
These identify flow divergent and convergent zones
Wetness indices
62
What are three things that wetness indices can predict?
Soil moisture, flooding, plant communities
63
This describes the surface area visible from a point
Viewshed
64
What are at least two of three uses of viewsheds?
1. Locating roads/factories/utilities; 2. Managing scenic areas; 3. Military field operations
65
Viewsheds are calculated using this
Cell-to-cell visibility
66
In viewshed analysis, lines of sight are drawn between these
View cells and target cells
67
These depict terrain as landscapes of light and shadow
Shaded relief maps
68
What is another term for shaded relief maps?
Hillshade maps
69
How are shaded relief maps produced?
By calculating surface brightness of each cell
70
What are two things that shaded relief maps depend on?
Terrain and sun position
71
When are shaded relief map cells brightest?
When angle = 90 degrees

Fundamentals of GIS (13 decks)

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