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Fundamentals of GIS > Chapter 11 - Terrain Analyses > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Terrain Analyses Flashcards

1
Q

This describes the vertical and horizontal dimensions of a land surface

A

Terrain

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2
Q

What is another name for terrain?

A

Land relief

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3
Q

This is “land relief” or terrain for underwater surfaces

A

Bathymetry

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4
Q

What are at least three of five processes that are impacted by terrain?

A
  1. Hydrology; 2. Soils/erosion; 3. Weather/climate; 4. Construction; 5. Military operations
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5
Q

This terrain variable describes elevation above datum

A

Height

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6
Q

This terrain variable describes rise over run

A

Slope

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7
Q

This terrain variable describes the direction of slope

A

Aspect

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8
Q

This terrain variable describes the watershed above a point

A

Upslope area

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9
Q

This terrain variable describes the longest path to a point

A

Flow length

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10
Q

This terrain variable describes terrain curvature

A

Profile curvature

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11
Q

This terrain variable describes site obstruction

A

Visibility

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12
Q

Is terrain analysis well-established in GIS?

A

Yes

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13
Q

Do many data and analytical methods exist for terrain analysis in GIS?

A

Yes

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14
Q

Are terrain analysis calculations difficult to program?

A

No

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15
Q

Are terrain analysis results shown to be inaccurate?

A

No

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16
Q

Is elevation data available for most surfaces?

A

Yes

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17
Q

Are elevation data sets frequently updated?

A

Yes

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18
Q

Is terrain analysis data cheap to collect?

A

No

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19
Q

What are three ways terrain can be modeled in GIS?

A

Raster, vector, TIN

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20
Q

What is the most commonly used data type for terrain analysis?

A

Raster

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21
Q

What are two reasons why raster is the most commonly used method for terrain analysis?

A

Simple structure and clear-cut math operations

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22
Q

Raster terrain analysis uses this approach

A

Moving window

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23
Q

Different these are used for different calculations in moving window raster terrain analysis

A

Kernels

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24
Q

These are connected lines of equal elevation

A

Contour lines

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25
Q

What is another name for contour lines?

A

Isoclines

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26
Q

Contour lines represent elevation at these

A

Fixed intervals

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27
Q

This aspect of contour lines varies among maps and scales

A

Interval

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28
Q

Contour lines run this way to slope

A

Perpendicular

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29
Q

This aspect of contour lines portrays terrain shape

A

Shape and density of lines

30
Q

Contour lines are an old method of symbolizing terrain on these

A

Maps

31
Q

Contour lines are a feature of these maps

A

USGS 7.5’ + 15’ quads

32
Q

What are two ways of creating contour line maps?

A
  1. Stereo aerial photos; 2. Grid of sampled elevation points
33
Q

This describes the shape of a landscape

A

Terrain morphology

34
Q

Terrain morphology affects the direction and rate of movement of these

A

Surface processes

35
Q

What are at least three of four common measures of terrain morphology?

A
  1. Slope; 2. Aspect; 3. Plan curvature; 4. Profile curvature
36
Q

This is the change in elevation over distance, or the tilt of land

A

Slope

37
Q

Slope is measured along the path of this

A

Steepest vertical change

38
Q

What are the three ways to express slope?

A
  1. Degree slope; 2. Percent slope; 3. Ratio
39
Q

This expresses slope as an angle

A

Degree slope

40
Q

This expresses slope as rise over run

A

Percent slope

41
Q

This expresses slope as a vertical distance over a horizontal distance

A

Ratio

42
Q

Calculating slope with raster data must integrate these two things

A

Elevation change in X direction and elevation change in Y direction

43
Q

Do slopes usually pass through cell centers?

A

No

44
Q

This describes the cardinal direction of a slope

A

Aspect

45
Q

Aspect is reported as this

A

Azimuth (0-360 degrees)

46
Q

Aspect is calculated based on this

A

dZ/dx + dZ/dy

47
Q

This describes concave and convex terrain

A

Curvature

48
Q

Curvature is a complex calculation using these for a 9-cell neighbor

A

Elevation values

49
Q

What are the two types of curvature?

A

Plan and profile curvature

50
Q

What are three types of morphometric features?

A

Pits, peaks, saddles

51
Q

These maps show concavities and convexities

A

Morphometric maps

52
Q

DEM data is used extensively for the study of this

A

Hydrology

53
Q

This quantifies direction of overland or subsurface flow

A

Flow direction

54
Q

What are two ways to express direction of flow?

A
  1. Compass heading (0-360 degrees); 2. Cell ID that flow moves toward
55
Q

Flow direction can be calculated using aspect and other elevation measures among these

A

Adjacent cells

56
Q

These cause problems in hydrological analysis and must be identified and filled

A

Spurious ‘pits’

57
Q

This is an area that supplies flow through a point on a landscape

A

Watershed

58
Q

What are three other terms for watershed?

A

Basin, catchment, drainage

59
Q

This is used to find watershed boundaries

A

Flow direction

60
Q

These define areas with likely surface water

A

Drainage networks

61
Q

These identify flow divergent and convergent zones

A

Wetness indices

62
Q

What are three things that wetness indices can predict?

A

Soil moisture, flooding, plant communities

63
Q

This describes the surface area visible from a point

A

Viewshed

64
Q

What are at least two of three uses of viewsheds?

A
  1. Locating roads/factories/utilities; 2. Managing scenic areas; 3. Military field operations
65
Q

Viewsheds are calculated using this

A

Cell-to-cell visibility

66
Q

In viewshed analysis, lines of sight are drawn between these

A

View cells and target cells

67
Q

These depict terrain as landscapes of light and shadow

A

Shaded relief maps

68
Q

What is another term for shaded relief maps?

A

Hillshade maps

69
Q

How are shaded relief maps produced?

A

By calculating surface brightness of each cell

70
Q

What are two things that shaded relief maps depend on?

A

Terrain and sun position

71
Q

When are shaded relief map cells brightest?

A

When angle = 90 degrees

Fundamentals of GIS (13 decks)

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